The Male Genital System
THE SCROTUM Print Section Listen Normal Development and Anatomy Until the seventh week of gestation, the embryos of both sexes undergo identical development. During this time, genital ridges form on…
Overview of Fetal Echocardiography*
PRENATAL DETECTION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Print Section Listen Current Status Most infants born with serious congenital heart disease undergo rapid evaluation and life-saving treatment. Most fetuses with significant cardiac…
Urinary Tract Calcifications and Stones
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Calculus disease of the urinary tract encompasses calcifications and calculi of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Urolithiasis refers to the presence of stones within the…
Application of Pulsed Wave and Continuous-Wave Doppler in the Assessment and Measurement of Cardiac and Systemic Blood Flow*
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The measurement of blood flow through any vascular structure using ultrasound requires two basic pieces of information: the velocity of blood flow and the cross-sectional area…
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in Newborn Infants: Assessment of Pulmonary Artery Pressure*
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Pulmonary hypertension exists as a pathologic finding in newborn infants in several clinical settings. In the early newborn period, the syndrome of persistent pulmonary hypertension of…
Assessment of Systolic, Diastolic, and Global Cardiac Function*
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen In the previous chapter, methods of estimation of cardiac output and organ blood flow indices were discussed. These are essential components of the echocardiographic assessment of…
Aneurysm of Ductus Arteriosus, Cardiomyopathies, and Aortopulmonary Collaterals*
SECTION 1: ANEURYSM OF DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS Print Section Listen Introduction Current echocardiographic imaging demonstrates aneurysmal dilation of the ductus arteriosus in more than 8% of full-term newborns.1,2 An aneurysm of…
Patent Ductus Arteriosus*
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen In this chapter, the impact of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) will be discussed in the clinical setting of a neonate with an otherwise structurally normal…
Shock, Myocardial Dysfunction, and Heart Failure*
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Shock is a pathophysiologic state characterized by poor tissue perfusion, resulting in a decrease in oxygen delivery that leads to tissue hypoxemia. If circulatory compromise is…
Shunts Through a Patent Foramen Ovale*
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen A patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus, and patent ductus venosus are the three vital fetal channels that ensure a normal fetal circulation. Right-to-left shunting through…
