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HISTORY TAKING Print Section Listen Importance of History Taking A thorough history is essential in all fields of medicine. It has often been said that a majority of all diagnosis…

INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Basic Principles and Physics Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical use relies on two fundamental principles: the excess of hydrogen molecules in water contained in the…

ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE OF THE CAROTID ARTERIES Print Section Listen Introduction Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is the third leading cause of death in the United States, surpassed only by heart disease and…

INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of systemic inflammatory disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels.1 Vascular inflammation may cause vessel narrowing or occlusion leading to…

INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The eye is proverbially the window to the soul, and literally a window into the vascular system. Evaluation of the retinal vasculature gives insight into multiple…

INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Imaging modalities for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) cover the gamut from to noninvasive approaches to invasive digital subtraction angiography (DSA), which historically has been the reference…

INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Vertebrobasilar arterial disease has a heterogeneous, clinical presentation that depends on the underlying pathophysiology of the lesion. Regardless of etiology, however, vertebrobasilar arterial strokes can be…

INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Peripheral vascular disease can result in a number of serious infections complicating ischemia. However, infections as primary causes of peripheral vascular disease, although uncommon, are also…

INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The blood vessel is a complex organ with many mechanical and regulatory functions. Abnormalities in the structural characteristics of the extracellular matrix as well as the…

INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) of the lower extremities affects nearly 8 to 12 million adults in the United States.1 The age-adjusted prevalence of PAD is approximately…