Acyanotic Shunt Lesions
Introduction Print Section Listen Acyanotic cardiac defects are a group of diverse cardiac malformations that share a common physiology of increased pulmonary blood flow in the setting of normal systemic…
Neurodevelopment in Children with Complex Congenital Heart Disease
Epidemiology Print Section Listen Approximately 40,000 children are born in North America each year with congenital heart disease (CHD). Approximately half of these children require no therapy, because the defect…
Heart Failure, Cardiomyopathy, and Pulmonary Hypertension
Introduction Print Section Listen Cardiac physiology in a normal child is an elegant balance requiring many components to work on an interactive basis. In children with congenital or acquired heart…
Survival to Adulthood
Introduction Print Section Listen Approximately 90% of children born with congenital heart disease (CHD) are expected to reach adulthood.1 With advances in surgical and medical treatment, there are now more…
Pediatric Issues for Patients with Congenital Heart Disease
Introduction Print Section Listen Pediatric and young adult patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) represent a population with unique medical issues, who pose a challenge to the primary care physician…
The Genetics of Abnormal Cardiac Development
Introduction Print Section Listen Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common major birth defect, and yet its etiology remains poorly understood. It is generally accepted that both genetic and…
Normal Cardiac Physiology and the Cardiac Exam
Normal Cardiac Anatomy Print Section Listen The normal heart is composed of two ventricles that circulate blood through the pulmonary and systemic capillary beds in series, providing a means of…
Chest Wall Tumors
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Chest wall tumors constitute 5 percent of thoracic tumors and less than 1 percent of all primary tumors; between 40 and 60 percent are…
Congenital Chest Wall Anomalies
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Pectus excavatum occurs in about 1:400 live births, with a male predominance of up to 5:1. No genetic abnormalities or chromosomal aberrations have been…
Diaphragmatic Disorders
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Bochdalek hernias are usually diagnosed in neonates whereas Morgagni hernias tend to be found in adults. Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernias occur in approximately 1:2000 children….
