Surgery for Coronary Disease
Surgery for Coronary Disease Surgery for revascularization of the myocardium continues to be an effective and lasting means of managing patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. However, the evolution of…
The Fontan Principle
The Fontan Principle The Fontan principle is applied to patients with single-ventricle congenital heart disease. The ultimate goal is to achieve a circulation in which the systemic venous return is…
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction CONGENITAL AORTIC STENOSIS Pathologic findings in congenital aortic stenosis can vary. The valve may be bicuspid, tricuspid, or unicuspid, and the commissures may be fused…
The Norwood Principle
The Norwood Principle Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is the most common form of congenital heart disease in which there is only one fully developed ventricle and is the fourth most…
Interrupted and Hypoplastic Aortic Arch
Interrupted and Hypoplastic Aortic Arch INTERRUPTED AORTIC ARCH Interruption of the aortic arch is a rare condition that requires a patent ductus arteriosus for survival. A ventricular septal defect is…
Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction The right ventricular outflow tract includes the right ventricular outlet chamber (or the infundibulum); the pulmonary valve; the main, right, and left pulmonary arteries; and…
Coronary Artery Anomalies
Coronary Artery Anomalies Anomalies of the coronary arteries are rare and include left coronary artery origin from the pulmonary artery, coronary artery fistula, and aberrant origin of the left or…
Truncus Arteriosus
Truncus Arteriosus Persistent truncus arteriosus is characterized by the emergence of a single common arterial trunk from the heart overriding the interventricular septum. The main pulmonary artery or the right…
Ebstein Anomaly
Ebstein Anomaly Ebstein anomaly is a rare disease. The pathologic anatomy consists of displacement of part or all of the tricuspid valve orifice into the right ventricle. Attachments of all…
Ventricular Septal Defect
Ventricular Septal Defect A ventricular septal defect can occur as an isolated lesion or in combination with other anomalies. SURGICAL ANATOMY The embryologic development of ventricular septal defects is interesting…
