Abstract Contrast echocardiography describes a variety of imaging approaches that rely on the detection of acoustically active contrast agents, usually in the form of encapsulated microbubbles that remain within the…
Abstract This chapter describes all the standard echocardiographic views and windows. Keywords Echocardiographic examination views, echocardiographic windows Introduction In the adult two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) examination, a standard…
Abstract This chapter describes the standard echocardiographic views for a transthoracic examination. Keywords Echocardiographic views, echocardiographic windows examination Introduction This chapter presents the views acquired during the normal two-dimensional…
Abstract Visual assessment of regional and global ventricular function assessment is subjective and leads to significant variability in interpretation. The heart is a mechanical organ and undergoes cyclic deformation in…
Abstract Advances in computer and transducer technology have allowed the implementation of three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) in routine clinical practice, with significant impact on patient diagnosis, management, and outcome. 3DE now…
Abstract M-mode echocardiography provides superior temporal resolution, and therefore, subtle changes are more readily appreciated with m-mode than with two-dimensional or three-dimensional methods. Case examples of normal and abnormal m-mode…
Abstract Ultrasound imaging is ubiquitous in medical practice and is used to image all regions of the body, including soft tissues, blood vessels, and muscles. The machines used for ultrasound…
Abstract Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) provides complementary and additional information regarding the anatomy and pathophysiology of the heart, great vessels, and thorax. It is a semiinvasive procedure that carries some risk…
Abstract Contrast echocardiography is used for a variety of clinical applications including the delineation of endocardial borders to assess wall motion, enhancement of the blood pool to better appreciate intra-cavitary…
Respiratory mechanics and sounds: ( Fig. 28.1 ) • Inspiration: • Active process in which diaphragmatic contraction generates negative intrathoracic pressure, sucking air into the conducting airways • Exhalation: •…
