Receptor Location Main action α α1 Postsynaptic receptor Vascular and smooth muscle contraction causing vasoconstriction and increases in blood pressure α2 Presynaptic sympathetic nerve endings. Inhibit release of noradrenaline causing…
Fig. 1 Main pharmacological effects of diuretics on the single pathophysiological factors (RAAS Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System, Red/green arrow negative/positive effect, Bidirectional flat arrow neutral effect, Quantity of upward/downward arrows:…
Criteria Needed 1. Hypertension Systolic ≥160 or diastolic ≥110 on two occasions at least 4 h apart while patient is on bed rest (unless antihypertensive therapy is initiated before this…
Fig. 1 Hypertension prevalence in six World Health Organization regions. Where: AFR WHO African Region, AMR WHO Region of the Americas, EMR WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, EUR WHO European Region,…
Fig. 1 Omics’ approaches Fig. 2 Metabolomics workflow Human metabolome consisted of approximately 4229 endogenous metabolites in serum sample (Psychogios et al. 2011). Metabolites represent the intermediate and end products…
Type Method Criterion for hypertension measurement (mm Hg) Clinical Auscultation ≥140/90 Automatic sphygmomanometer Nonclinical Home blood pressure measurement ≥135/85 Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ≥130/80 for 24 h ≥135/85 for daytime ≥120/70…
Study Participantsa Follow-up Outcome Main results Kohler et al. (2014) n = 1805, age 25–84 years 12 years Verbal memory, executive function and processing speed (psychometric tests) Baseline and incident HT (≥140/90 mmHg) associated with…
Fig. 1 Effects of sympathetic activation and the role of afferent renal sympathetic nerves in the development and control of hypertension (Reproduced with permission of Springer: The role of the…
Fig. 1 An algorithm for diagnostic evaluation and management of primary mineralocorticoid excess states (HTN hypertension, CT computed tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, K + potassium, Cl − chloride, ENaC…
Fig. 1 Differences between the recorded systolic and diastolic pressures from intraarterial or plethysmographic measurements (depicted in the circular insert) and a cuff measured pressure where systolic and diastolic pressure…
