Fig. 4.1 Airway structure and mucus production. The epithelial cells are composed of ciliated and secretory cells. Goblet and Clara cells are secretory cells. Secretory cells release mucus, which contains…
Fig. 1.1 Mechanisms underlying airflow limitation in COPD Fig. 1.2 Pink puffer and blue bloater (Netter illustration used with permission of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved www.netterimages.com) 1.2 Historical Transition…
I Upper lobe emphysema and lower lobe fibrosis II All heavy smokers and almost all males, with a mean age of 65 years III Basal crackles were found numerously and…
Fig. 6.1 The role of cellular senescence. Cellular senescence plays roles in tissue repair and carcinogenesis. SASP secreted from senescent cells stimulates the migration of phagocytic immune cells which play…
Outcome Strength of evidence Improvement of exercise performance A Dyspnea relief A Improves health-related quality of life A Reduces number of hospitalizations and days in hospital A Reduces anxiety and…
Genetic mutations Biological functions Ref Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor region on chromosome 15q25 Cholinergic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRNA3/CHRNA5) Associations with tobacco consumption and a risk factor for lung cancer [28] Family…
Feature Asthma COPD ACOS Age of onset Usually childhood onset but can commence at any age. Usually > 40 years of age Usually age ≥40 years, but may have had symptoms in childhood or…
Fig. 8.1 Kaplan–Meier survival curves for the panel of biomarkers analyzed. Cutoff values correspond to the 95 % percentile determined in the nonsmoking control subjects included in the Evaluation of COPD…
Fig. 15.1 Changes in the level of hyperinflation and pulmonary function during recovery from exacerbation. Chest X-ray films and flow-volume loops from a patient obtained after onset of exacerbation (left)…
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017Hiroyuki Nakamura and Kazutetsu Aoshiba (eds.)Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseRespiratory Disease Series: Diagnostic Tools and Disease Managements10.1007/978-981-10-0839-9_14 14. New Anti-inflammatory Drugs for COPD: Is There a Possibility of Developing Drugs That…
