It is further modified in clinical cardiology as: V2 represents the Doppler derived blood flow velocity distal to the valve or the aortic valve velocity (AVvel) and V1 the proximal…
1. CMR angiography: Aortic root morphology including ectasia, aneurysm, coarctation, and potentially planning access for transaortic TAVR 2. Cine MRI (a) Planimetry of aortic valve geometric area (b) Native valve…
Fig. 10.1 Different types of prosthetic valves. (a) Bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude); (b) monoleaflet mechanical valve (Medtronic Hall); (c) caged ball valve (Starr-Edwards); (d) stented porcine bioprosthesis (Medtronic Mosaic);…
Fig. 1.1 Parasternal long (left, a) and short (right, b) axis transthoracic echocardiographic view of a normal aortic valve in systole. In the parasternal long axis, the leaflet closest to…
Stage Definition Valve anatomy Valve hemodynamics Hemodynamic consequence Symptoms A At risk AS Bicuspid/unicuspid/quadricuspid aortic valve Aortic valve sclerosis Vmax <2 m/s None None B Progressive Mild to Moderate leaflet…
Two points of measurement are required; one in the left ventricle and one in the aorta. The ventricular and aortic pressures can be measured as follows: 1. A catheter placed…
Fig. 15.1 Medtronic core valve, prosthesis diagram and under fluoroscopy in place (a, b) and (a copyright 2015 Medtronic, Inc.) Fig. 15.2 Edwards Sapien XT valve prosthesis diagram and under…
Parameter Mild Moderate Severe Valve structure and motion Mechanical or bioprosthetic Usually normal Usually abnormal Usually abnormal Structural parameters Left ventricular size Normal Normal/mildly dilated Dilated Doppler parameters (qualitative or…
Fig. 13.1 Hemodynamics during rapid right ventricular pacing. Systolic pressure and pulse pressure fall with rapid pacing, and nearly vanish with balloon inflation (From Witzke et al. [26] with permission)…
Fig. 8.1 True-severe low flow/low gradient severe AS with depressed EF and contractile reserve. 85 year-old female with class III heart failure, EF 40 %, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney…
