Cardiomyopathy
Alcohol consumption – potentially reversible causeInfective – most commonly caused by Coxsackie A & B virusOthers – hypothyroidism, peripartum, chemotherapy, sarcoidosis Clinical features Heart failure is by far the most…
Infection and Pericardial Disease
Genetic susceptibility is important in 3–6%Risk factors include poverty, overcrowding and poor hygiene Clinical features Multisystemic disorder. Joint involvement is most common, followed by carditis. Investigations Blood tests and culture,…
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Figure 9.1 – Schematic diagram of ACS. Acute coronary syndrome In A Heartbeat Definition Syndrome consisting of unstable angina, NSTEMI and STEMI Epidemiology Most common cause of death in Western…
Hypertension
Figure 13.1 – Blood pressure measurement. Hypertension In A Heartbeat Epidemiology Affects around a third of patients aged 45–54 and around 60–80% of patients aged 75 and over. Aetiology 90%…
History Taking and Physical Examination
Date of birth Explanation andConsent “Could we have a little chat about what’s brought you in today?” 2.2 History taking 2.2.1 Presenting complaint Use open questions to start the consultation.Obtain…
Cardiovascular Pharmacology
Cardiovascular pharmacology In A Heartbeat ACE inhibitors ACE inhibitors are used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. The most notable side-effects are dry cough and angioedema, which are…
Atherosclerosis
Modifiable: smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, physical inactivity, obesity and diet Pathophysiology Endothelial damage attracts leukocytes, lipids and smooth muscle cells to the intima, resulting in formation of a fatty streak,…
Ischaemic Heart Disease
Stable angina In A Heartbeat Epidemiology Seen in men almost twice as often as women Aetiology Atherosclerosis (refer to Chapter 7) Clinical features A triad of central chest pain on…
Access for Haemodialysis in Patients with Central Vein Thrombosis
Upper Extremity Ischemia/Dialysis Access Vascular Access for Haemodialysis in Patients with Central Vein Thrombosis Jakimowicz T, Galazka Z, Grochowiecki T, et al (Vascular and Transplant Surgery Med Univ of Warsaw, Poland)…
of Below-the-elbow Arteries in Critical Hand Ischaemia
Upper Extremity Ischemia/Dialysis Access Angioplasty of Below-the-elbow Arteries in Critical Hand Ischaemia Ferraresi R, Palloshi A, Aprigliano G, et al (Istituto Clinico Città Studi, Milan, Italy; et al) Eur J Vasc Endovasc…
