Thoracic Key

1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)  1. Idiopathic PAH  2. Heritable PAH  1.2.1 BMPR2  1.2.2 ALK-1, ENG, SMAD9, CAV1, KCNK3  1.2.3 Unknown  1.3 Drug and toxin induced  1.4 Associated with  1.4.1…

Fig. 20.1 Blood pressure curve in the ascending aorta with its forward and backward components. Augmentation pressure is the difference between systolic blood pressure and the peak of the forward…

Fig. 27.1 Results of a renal colour-Doppler ultrasonography showing renal vascularization (a). RI measurement using pulsed-wave Doppler (b) Table 27.1 Colour-Doppler for a semi-quantitative evaluation of intrarenal vascularisation [1] Stage…

Fig. 13.1 Changes in brachial and aortic blood pressures, corrected augmentation index, and pulse wave velocity at 5, 10, and 15 min after smoking one cigarette in healthy smokers and…

Fig. 2.1 Illustration showing the three components of LV “afterload” and their measurements. The non-pulsatile or static component is total peripheral resistance or mean arterial pressure and the dynamic or…

Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Angiotensin II Natriuretic peptides Arginine-vasopressin Kinin-kallikrein system Catecholamines Medullipine system Endothelin Adrenomedullin Prostaglandins Estrogens Insulin Nitric Oxide 10.2.1 Renin-Angiotensin System The systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is central to…

Keith-Wagener-Barker classification Simplified (Wong-Mitchell) classification Grade Features Grade Features 1 Mild generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing None No detectable signs 2 Definite focal narrowing and arteriovenous nipping Mild Generalized arteriolar narrowing,…

Fig. 19.1 Main clinical features of Marfan syndrome. (a) Aortic root dilatation; (b) ectopia lentis; (c) skeletal abnormalities In the absence of a family history of MFS, the diagnosis is…

Stage GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) HT Kidney damage CKD CVD risk  Glomerular filtration rates 1 ≥90 + 0 0 ± ≥90 ± + + + 2 60–89 0 0 ± ±…

Fig. 12.1 The endothelium is responsible for a number of physiological functions, including (1) regulation of vascular tone, (2) control of blood fluidity and coagulation, and (3) regulation of inflammatory…