ECMO for Refractory Cardiac Arrest
Fig. 10.1 Monza’s flow chart for ECMO support in refractory CA We must emphasize that this flow chart only represents a recommendation, since it is the attending physician’s responsibility to…
ECMO for Ischemic Cardiogenic Shock
Hemodynamic criteria Systolic blood pressure (SBP) below 90 mmHg (or more than 30 mmHg below basal in hypertensive patients) for more than 30 min Use of vasopressors and inotropes to…
CMD in Myocardial Diseases
Fig. 5.1 Typical asymmetric LVH, which dramatically involves the interventricular septum, in a patients with HCM deceased due to sudden death. Adapted from Cecchi et al. [15] Many patients with HCM…
CMD in Obstructive CAD
Fig. 6.1 Left panel: total occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery which is completely reperfused by collateral vessels from the right coronary artery (RCA) in a patient with…
Treatment of Primary CMD
Fig. 8.1 Effect of olmesartan and amlodipine on CFR in patients with arterial hypertension. Adapted from Naya et al. [10] The favorable effects of antihypertensive drugs on CMD, therefore, likely mainly…
Iatrogenic Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
Fig. 7.1 Top panel. Left: pre-procedural angiogram of the right coronary artery showing a 60–70 % mid-vessel stenosis; middle: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) examination (4 slices taken at 1-mm distance in the middle…
Treatment of CMD in Obstructive CAD
Fig. 10.1 Therapeutic interventions potentially able to promote collateral vessel growth. Adapted from Chillian et al. [1] Gene therapy initially appeared as the most applicable and potentially valid form of therapy…
Prevention of Iatrogenic CMD
Fig. 11.1 The Kaplan-Meier curves show the main results of a randomized trial testing the use of a distal embolic protection device during PCI of saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts A…
Treatment of CMD in Myocardial Diseases
Fig. 9.1 Panel a. Myocardial efficiency at baseline and 6 months (follow-up) after alcohol septal ablation in patients with HCM. Panel b. Linear relationship between the changes (baseline vs. 6 months after alcool…
Thoracoscopy: Equipment and Technique
Fig. 7.1 A metallic (a) and single-use (b) pleural needle. The pleural trocar, 2–3 mm in diameter, 100 mm in length, with tap. A pointed obturator to penetrate the skin…
