Science of Ultrasound and Echocardiography
Fig. 1.1 Pulse-echo principle. A pulse of sound of known frequency is generated and emitted in a known direction. The echoes returning from an object can be used to derive…
Structural Evaluation of the Heart by Transesophageal Echocardiography
Fig. 4.1 Segmental approach to congenital heart disease (Reprinted with permission from O’Leary [7]) 2. When performing a TEE evaluation for CHD, particularly in patients with unknown or incompletely…
Atrial Abnormalities and Atrial Septal Defects
Fig. 7.1 The mid esophageal four chamber view represents a starting point in the evaluation of atrial septal defects as this cross-section displays both atria, the interatrial septum (IAS), atrioventricular…
Evaluation of Conotruncal Abnormalities
Fig. 12.1 Tetralogy of Fallot. Mid esophageal four chamber view showing right ventricular hypertrophy, the large malalignment ventricular septal defect (asterisk), and overriding aorta. LA left atrium, LV left ventricle,…
Great Artery and Other Vascular Abnormalities
Fig. 13.1 Patent ductus arteriosus. Graphic depiction of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as visualized from a left anterior oblique view. The typical ductus extends as illustrated from the junction of…
Clinical Applications of Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease
Fig. 20.1 Three-dimensional orientation icon displayed in the figures. Abbreviations for orientation markers used in the figures throughout this chapter: A anterior, I inferior, L left, P posterior, R right,…
Additional Applications of Transesophageal Echocardiography
Bacteria Viridans group streptococci (alpha-hemolytic)—S. mitis, S. sanguis, S. mutans, etc. Staphylococcus aureus Coagulase-negative staphylococcus Streptococcus pneumonia Streptococcus bovis and other streptococci Enterococcus species HACEK (Hemophilus species, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium…
Systemic and Pulmonary Venous Anomalies
Fig. 6.1 Evaluation of pulmonary venous anatomy by TEE. In the center is a diagram of a person, facing front. The axis of 120° through the long axis of the…
Functional Evaluation of the Heart by Transesophageal Echocardiography
Limited transthoracic image quality Intra-operative assessment of ventricular function Pre and postoperative assessment of ventricular performance Identification of regional wall motion abnormalities suggesting ischemia Ongoing postoperative assessment of response to…
Transesophageal Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease
Fig. 19.1 The Philips X7-2t 3D TEE probe. (a) Shows the handle of the probe; it has identical controls as a standard 2D TEE probe. When used for 2D TEE…
