Pulmonic Valve
Pulmonic Valve Anupama Rao High-Yield Findings Pulmonic stenosis (PS) is usually found in conjunction with congenital heart disease PS may occur at the valvular, subvalvular, or supravalvular levels Carcinoid disease…
Mitral Valve Disease
Mitral Valve Disease Brian R. Lindman Suzanne V. Arnold High-Yield Concepts Discrepancy between the mitral valve area (MVA) and mean gradient in MS may be related to cardiac output or…
Aortic Valve Disease
Aortic Valve Disease Brian R. Lindman Suzanne V. Arnold High-Yield Concepts LVOT dimension is a significant source of error when measuring AVA Make sure the numbers are internally consistent (AVA,…
Cardiomyopathies
Cardiomyopathies Christopher L. Holley High-Yield Findings HCM is characterized by LV hypertrophy in the absence of pressure overload; 35% of cases do not have any outflow obstruction Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy…
Ischemic Heart Disease and Complications of Myocardial Infarction
Ischemic Heart Disease and Complications of Myocardial Infarction Michael Yeung High-Yield Findings Echocardiography is useful in the evaluation of acute chest pain by assessing possible wall motion abnormalities to identify…
Stress Testing for Ischemia and Viability
Stress Testing for Ischemia and Viability Daniel H. Cooper Thomas K. Kurian Key Points Echocardiographic stress testing is a sensitive and specific modality for detecting the presence of stress-induced ischemia…
Right Ventricular Function and Pulmonary Hemodynamics
Right Ventricular Function and Pulmonary Hemodynamics Suzanne V. Arnold High-Yield Findings Right ventricular size should be ≪ left ventricular (LV) size RV dysfunction—decreased tricuspid valve (TV) annular motion, RV outflow…
The Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination
The Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination Pei-Hsiu Huang Getting Started A quality echocardiogram study starts with the setup (Fig. 2-1). Patient Positioning The low-powered ultrasound beam cannot image the entire heart…
Quantification of Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function
Quantification of Left Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function Christopher L. Holley High-Yield Findings Normal LV size: PLAX diameter <5.3 cm♀, 5.9 cm ♂; apical four-chamber end diastolic volume indexed to…
The Role of Contrast in Echocardiography
The Role of Contrast in Echocardiography Stephanie N. Johnson Majesh Makan Key Points for Contrast Optimization Mechanical index (MI) <0.5 Optimize time gain compensation and overall gain settings Minimize near-field…
