Fig. 16.1 Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell therapeutic targets and corresponding licensed (green boxes) and investigational (red boxes) treatment approaches for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arrows represent receptor stimulation, whereas terminated…
Hypoxic signaling HIF-1α/HIF-2α TGF-β ERK1/2 Increased Ca++ Mitochondrial dysfunction Mitochondrial hyperpolarization Suppressed mitophagy Increased mROS generation HIF-1α and aerobic glycolysis Quasi malignancy Clonal endothelial cell proliferation Microsatellite instability Somatic chromosomal…
Fig. 21.1 The pulmonary hypertension clinical patient care continuum. The Pulmonary Hypertension Clinical (PHC) care coordinator plays a pivotal role in coordinating each element of the treatment plan individualized to…
Fig. 18.1 Example of a potential induction therapy protocol. If a similar protocol were to be transformed into a clinical trial, an additional arm could include dual oral therapy. A…
Fig. 4.1 Group specific prevalence of pulmonary hypertension Temporal trends in mortality and hospitalization where PH was listed as any contributing cause of death or any-listed hospital diagnosis in the…
Biomarker Study endpoints Endothelins Endothelin-1 Hemodynamic measurements, survival Big ET-1 Hemodynamic measurements, 6MWD ET-1/ET-3 Hemodynamic measurements, NYHA FC, survival CT-pro-ET-1 Clinical severity, hospitalizations, survival vWF Hemodynamic measurements, survival Angiopoietin Hemodynamic…
Fig. 10.1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension time-course and type of vascular remodeling pattern secondary to exposure to the monocrotraline pyrrole. A single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline at a dose of 60…
Fig. 13.1 Left panel: Representative plateau pattern of log-log plot of mPAP vs. VO2 in eiPAH. Right: Representative “take-off” pattern of log-log plot of mPAP vs. VO2 in eiPAH EiPAH…
Fig. 8.1 Metabolic pathways reprogrammed in PAH. Several pathways are affected in humans with and experimental models of PAH. Increased glycolysis, lactate fermentation, and glutaminolysis are observed (purple, pink, and…
Fig. 7.1 The canonical pathway of microRNA processing (Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Winter et al. [97] Nature Publishing Group) Computational Biology, Our Venue to Understand MicroRNA Network…
