Atherosclerosis and General Principles of Arterial Imaging
Fig. 8.1 Human carotid plaques stained histologically for neutral lipids (seen in red, Oil Red O). (a) A stable plaque with a thick cap and low lipid content. (b) An…
Imaging and Ageing of the Aorta and Large Arteries in the Lower Extremity
Fig. 9.1 Layout of post-processing of a contrast-enhanced CT with synchronised axial, 3-D rendering imaging, sagittal and coronal multi-planar reconstructions (clockwise) Fig. 9.2 Post-processing of a contrast-enhanced CT scan of…
Ultrasound: Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque (2D–3D)
Fig. 4.1 Examples of ultrasound image (a) and of echo-tracking radio-frequency image (b) of the carotid vessels The normal IMT values are influenced by age and sex. IMT normal values…
Damage of Retinal Arterioles in Hypertension
Grade Features 1 Mild generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing 2 Definite focal narrowing and arteriovenous nipping 3 Signs of grade 2 retinopathy plus retinal hemorrhages, exudates, and cotton wool spots 4…
Evaluation of Cardiac Damage in Hypertension: Electrocardiography
Amplitude First author of study Year of study publication Limb lead voltage (R I–S I) + (S III–R III) >16 mm Lewis 1914 R I + S III >25 mm Gubner 1943 R…
Questionnaires for Cognitive Function Evaluation
Fig. 18.1 Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (Copyright Z. Nasreddine MD. Reproduced with permission. Copies are available at www.mocatest.org) The MoCA test showed excellent sensitivity and specificity in identifying VCI and…
MRI/CT: Evaluation of Brain Damage in Hypertension
White matter hyperintensity Cerebral microbleeds Recent small subcortical infarct Lacunes Dilated perivascular space Usual diameter Variable ≤10 mm ≤20 mm 3–15 mm ≤2 mm Comment Located in the white…
Glomerular Filtration Rate in Renal Damage
Fig. 15.1 Relationship between serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, creatinine clearance, and stages of CKD Recently, serum levels of cystatin C, a free housekeeping protein ubiquitous in many cellular systems,…
Evaluation of Cardiac Damage in Hypertension: Echocardiography
LV mass indexed to BSA, g/m2 < 96 in women,< 116 in men (when BMI 30 kg/m2) LV mass indexed to height 2.7, g/m 2.7 < 45 in women,<49 in men (when BMI > 30…
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
Mild stenosis: 0.9–0.7 Moderate stenosis: 0.6–0.5 Severe stenosis: lower than 0.5 Measuring an ABI has also been used in large-scale studies to detect PAD in the population or at the…
