Valvular Heart Disease
Valvular Heart Disease General considerations Development Cardiac valves develop from the mesodermal germ layer between the 4th and 7th week of gestation. Any factors affecting embryogenesis during this time can…
Infective Endocarditis
Infective Endocarditis Presentation of endocarditis Key facts Highly variable presentation—depends on intracardiac pathology, virulence of organism, and extracardiac involvement. Presentation can be insidious, as in streptococcal infections, or with striking…
Cardiac Investigations
Cardiac Investigations Exercise ECG A commonly used test involving a treadmill, blood pressure (BP) measurement, and continuous electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring. Overall sensitivity for coronary heart disease is around 68% and…
Drugs for the Heart
Drugs for the Heart Antiplatelet agents Antiplatelet agents are used to reduce the risk of arterial thrombus formation by preventing platelet activation and aggregation. Antiplatelet agents have a role in…
Other Diseases in Children
Other Diseases in Children 13.1 Neuroblastoma Cause: Malignancy arising from cells of neural crest that form sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla Epidem: Most common malignant tumor of infancy (J Pediatr…
Diseases of the Testes and Scrotum in Children
Diseases of the Testes and Scrotum in Children 12.1 Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testicle) Cause: Abnormality of testicular descent Epidem: One of most common disorders of childhood; affects 3.4% of full-term infants…
Diseases of the Penis in Children
Diseases of the Penis in Children 11.1 Phimosis Cause: At birth, a physiologic phimosis is present in the majority of infants due to preputial adhesions Epidem: By age 3 yr,…
Diseases of the Urethra in Children
Diseases of the Urethra in Children 10.1 Posterior Urethral Valves Cause: Congenital anomaly that leads to urinary outflow obstruction. Three types of valves have been described. Type I: a pair…
Diseases of the Bladder in Children
Diseases of the Bladder in Children 9.1 Bladder Exstrophy Cause: Embryologic maldevelopment Epidem: There are 3.3 cases in 100,000 live births ( Tetralogy 1987; 36:221). Male:female ratio: 2.3:1 to 6:1…
Diseases of the Kidney and Ureter in Children
Diseases of the Kidney and Ureter in Children 8.1 Renal Agenesis Cause: Embryologic anomaly that appears related to developmental anomaly of ureteric bud (Development 1996;122:1919). Generally thought to result from…
