White Coat Hypertension
Classification Normal White coat hypertensiona Sustained hypertension Location Clinic Pressures Normal High High <140/90 mmHg ≥140/90 mmHg ≥140/90 mmHg Daytime ABPM or Home BP Normal Normal High <135/85 mmHg <135/85…
Circadian and Cyclic Environmental Determinants of Blood Pressure Patterning and Implications for Therapeutic Interventions
Exogenous day–night cycles • Light: bright daytime/dark nighttime • Sound: noisy daytime/quiet nighttime • Posture: erect daytime/supine nighttime • Physical activity and exertion: high daytime/low or nil nighttime • Arousal,…
Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Stroke
Observational studies 1. For each 10 mmHg lower SBP equates to approximately 1/3 less stroke in 60–79 year olds 2. The association is continuous down to at least blood pressure…
Monitoring Blood Pressure in the Office
Manual Mercury sphygmomanometer Aneroid sphygmomanometer Semi-automated Home BP recorders adopted for office use Fully automated BpTRU Omron HEM-907 Microlife WatchBP Office In what is probably the single most important development…
Cardiovascular Disease
Fig. 2.1 Main inflammatory mechanisms participating in atherosclerotic lesion initiation, progression, and plaque destabilization and rupture Fig. 2.2 Vascular and immune inflammatory cells that participate in atherosclerosis and main molecular…
Cardiometabolic Risk, Inflammation, and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Fig. 7.1 Role of hypothalamic neuroinflammation in metabolic disorders. In the context of chronic overnutrition, there is an activation of the IKKβ/NF-κB pro-inflammatory pathway, mainly produced by an oxidative stress,…
Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome
Fig. 3.1 Hypothesis of dysregulated inflammatory/stress/metabolic interaction mechanisms in metabolic syndrome. MS metabolic syndrome, CRP C-reactive protein, IL-6 interleukin-6, NA noradrenaline, eHsp72 72 kDa extracellular heat shock protein Local Inflammatory…
Inflammation Biomarkers and Cardiometabolic Risk
Fig. 1.1 Global cardiovascular/cardiometabolic risk factors (RFs), including the established Framingham Risk Score RFs and the emergent metabolic syndrome RFs related with obesity and inflammation Established vs. Emergent Biomarkers: Experimental…
Ischemic Stroke
Minutes Energy failure Excitotoxicity Increase in intracellular Ca2+, Na+, Cl− Peri-infarct depolarization Diffusion of glutamate and K+ in the extracellular space Cell swelling Hours Generation of reactive oxygen species Oxidative…
Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases
MI Stroke Risk ratio (95 % CI) Risk ratio (95 % CI) SLE 2.25 (1.37–3.68) 2.29 (0.85–6.15) RA 2.10 (1.52–2.89) 1.91 (1.73–2.12) SSc 1.82 (1.40–2.36) 1.43 (1.12–1.83) Systemic vasculitis…
