The Coronary Artery
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 5.1 Coronary Artery Anatomy The coronary artery anatomy includes: (1) the left main coronary artery (LMCA), also known as the…
Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 17.1 General Considerations In this chapter, we will discuss congenital RV infundibulum muscular hypertrophy stenosis, including the muscle bundle of…
Congenital Anomalies of the Tricuspid Valve
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 16.1 General Considerations 16.1.1 Tricuspid Stenosis and Tricuspid Atresia Tricuspid stenosis covers a spectrum of diseases, including tricuspid dysplasia (leaflets…
General Considerations of Cardiac Embryology
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 10.1 General Considerations The primitive cardiovascular system begins forming during the fourth week of human embryonic development. The heart begins…
Cardiac Anatomy: Nomenclature and Abbreviations
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 1.1 Nomenclature of Cardiac Anatomy 1.1.1 Right Atrium (RA) The right atrium (RA) is the right upper chamber of the…
Aortopulmonary Window
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 21.1 General Considerations Aortopulmonary window is also called aortopulmonary septum defect. Aortic and pulmonary valves are developed well. At the…
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 20.1 General Considerations A single trunk, with just one group of semilunar valves, arises from the base of the heart….
Mitral Atresia and Hypoplastic Left Ventricle
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 18.1 General Considerations Hypoplastic left ventricle, also termed hypoplastic left heart syndrome, is often associated with a variety of deformities,…
Aneurysm of the Sinus of Valsalva
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 22.1 General Considerations The sinus of Valsalva is a structure that connects the aortic annulus and the aortic wall. Aortic…
The Conduction System of the Heart
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 6.1 General Considerations The conduction system of the heart, which provides the heart its automatic rhythmic beat, consists of cardiac…
