Fig. 11.1 Human Igf1 gene alternative splicing. Different leader sequences of the Igf1 gene result in two different classes of mRNA variants; class 1 transcripts use exon 1 as leader…
Fig. 9.1 MiR formation (From Sanoudou and Kalozoumi [24] by permission) 9.2.2 MicroRNAs in Cardiac Hypertrophy Numerous studies have assessed the involvement of miRs in cardiac hypertrophy (HYP). For example,…
Fig. 14.1 HPA axis is the principal endocrine axis regulating the stress response. Stressors of different origins activate the hypothalamic CRH, which stimulates pituitary ACTH secretion and finally release of…
Fig. 1.1 Transferring knowledge from basic science to the clinical area (Reproduced from Antoniades [30] with permission) Again it must be pointed out that these are definitions given by experienced…
Fig. 2.1 (a) Early steps in heart development. Diagrams of heart development are shown in ventral views. At the earliest stages of heart formation (cardiac crescent), two pools of cardiac…
Fig. 8.1 Pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to vascular disease The withdrawal of NO-mediated beneficial effects on vascular function and to the formation of free radicals with proatherogenic properties. In particular, the…
Locus Gene Trait Reference 1p32.3 PCSK9 LDL cholesterol [59] 2p24.1 APOB Total and LDL cholesterol [60] 3p25 PPARG HDL cholesterol [61] 5q31 SEPP1 Insulin resistance [62] 6q25.3 LPA Lipoprotein(a) [63]…
Fig. 5.1 Proposed roles and targets of SIRTs in cardioprotection 5.3 Dietary Sodium Sodium, primarily consumed as salt (sodium chloride), is an essential nutrient because sodium and chloride are required…
Fig. 6.1 Dynamics of energy transformation in coupled flows, I, and forces, F, of aerobic metabolism and energy utilization. 2[H] indicates the reduced hydrogen equivalents of carbon substrates with electron…
