Diastolic waves are commonly seen in the left ventricular outflow tract on echocardiography. This work focuses on the E-reversal wave (Er) that occurs early in diastole, shortly after the mitral E wave. Factors associated with Er presence and velocity were investigated in a broad patient sample: 100 subjects with normal ejection fraction (EF >55%) and 100 subjects with reduced EF (<45%). Er presence was noted in 58% of the total cohort and correlated inversely with age. It was more common with normal EF (70% vs 45%, p = 0.0005) and was associated with higher mitral E velocity (78.3 ± 23.3 vs 68.4 ± 19.0 cm/s; p = 0.002) and septal e′ velocity (6.7 ± 2.5 vs 5.3 ± 2.3 cm/s; p <0.0001). Er velocity was higher in the normal EF group (50 ± 18 vs 34 ± 13 cm/s, p <0.0001) and showed moderate correlation with septal e′ velocity (r = 0.43; p <0.0001); 56 subjects experienced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) over 1.7 ± 0.3 years of follow-up. Those with an Er had less MACE (particularly heart failure), even after adjustment for multiple clinical and echocardiographic variables (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.65; p = 0.003). When stratified by EF, the association between Er presence and MACE was significant only in the low EF group. Thus, Er occurs more commonly in younger subjects and those with preserved EF. It is associated with less MACE although this effect appears to be limited to patients with reduced EF.
Diastolic waves are frequent on pulse-wave Doppler examination of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and reflect movement of blood across the sample volume although they do not open the aortic valve ( Figure 1 ). They correspond to the transmitral E and A waves, occurring a short time later, and can inform us about diastolic properties of the left ventricle (LV). We have previously written on the clinical features and significance of the “presystolic wave” (the LVOT wave occurring in late diastole and corresponding to the mitral A wave). This investigation focused on the E-reversal wave (Er)—the early diastolic LVOT wave corresponding to the mitral E wave. Specific aims were to (1) assess Er prevalence, both in normal and reduced ejection fraction (EF) cohorts, (2) identify clinical and echocardiographic factors associated with its appearance, (3) identify clinical and echocardiographic factors associated with its velocity, and (4) assess its association, if any, with future clinical events.
