Keywords
Intracardiac flowsChick embryoZebrafish embryoLaminar flowVortex flowHeart vortexVentricular diastolic suctionPaired vorticesNegative pressureThe fact that the forces for propulsion of the circulating blood do in fact originate in the periphery, specifically in the microcirculation, is further substantiated by specific flow patterns, originating in the peripheral circulation, which continue relatively undisturbed as they course through the heart. Invariant flow patterns present strong evidence against the heart as a suction or pressure propulsion pump.
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Schematic representation of yolk sac circulation and intracardiac flow patterns in early chick embryo, HH stage 12/13. (a) Blood from each half of the yolk sac courses in loops parallel to the marginal sinus (ms) and reaches the heart through right (ra) and left (la) anterior vitelline veins. Areas lateral to the embryo (⋆ and ∗) drain directly to sinus venosus (S). (b) Blood from different regions of the yolk sac (-, ∗, •, and ⋆) courses in parallel currents through the tube heart. The currents maintain their identity in spite of heart’s contractions. S sinus venosus, VR ventricular region, A atrial region. (Adapted from ref. [2], used with permission of Wolters Kluwer Health)
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(a) Yolk sac circulation pattern in HH stage 16 chick embryo. Note that the lateral regions have extended radially to the marginal sinus. The blood flows in six “watershed” regions toward the embryo with the exception of flow near the marginal sinus. ra right anterior vitelline vein, la left anterior vitelline vein, rl right lateral vitelline vein, ll left lateral vitelline vein, p posterior vitelline vein. (b) Ventral view of the heart with individual streamlines (-, ∗, •, and ⋆) corresponding to watershed regions on the yolk sac as they continue through the heart. Blood streamlines maintain their identity as shown in cross sections at the level of CT, conotruncus; and AV, atrioventriular canal. Markings as above and rac, rpc right anterior and posterior cardinal veins, S sinus venosus, A atrium, AV atrioventricular canal, CT conotruncus, VE ventricle. (Adapted from ref. [2], used with permission of Wolters Kluwer Health)
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