Background
The aim of this study was to explore the contribution of left ventricular (LV) basal rotation to the mechanism of chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR).
Methods
Fifty-seven patients (52 men; mean age, 68.3 ± 11.8 years) with postinfarction LV dysfunction (defined as an ejection fraction ≤45%) were prospectively enrolled. Each invariably had functional MR. To assess MR degree, the effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) was quantified by echocardiography using the proximal isovelocity surface area method. Furthermore, mitral valve deformation (valve tenting and annular function) and LV global (systolic and diastolic volumes, function, and sphericity) and local remodeling (displacement of papillary muscles, regional strain, and rotation by speckle-tracking) were assessed. The patients were subsequently subdivided into two groups according to the absence (group A) or presence (group B) on transthoracic echocardiography of infarct area in the inferior and/or posterior basal segments.
Results
A larger EROA was found in group B than in group A ( P = .034) and in subjects with asymmetric rather than symmetric tethering in either group ( P = .036 and P = .040 for groups A and B, respectively). Basal radial ( P = .009), circumferential ( P = .042), and longitudinal ( P = .005) strain and rotation ( P = .021) were lower in group B than in group A. There was also a significant inverse correlation between EROA and basal rotation in group B ( r = −0.75, P < .001). Furthermore, using multivariate linear regression analysis, we found that the independent determinants of EROA were end-diastolic volume ( P < .001) and tenting area ( P = .004) in group A and asymmetric tethering ( P = .029) and basal rotation ( P < .001) in group B.
Conclusions
Impaired basal rotational mechanics occurring after an inferior-posterior myocardial infarction is associated with increased MR.
Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common finding in patients with postinfarction left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and is independently associated with reduced life expectancy. Several coexisting pathophysiologic mechanisms are independently involved in MR pathogenesis, including LV systolic dysfunction in itself, LV local and global remodeling, LV dyssynchrony, annular shape, and mechanical alterations. However, the imbalance between the closing and tethering forces acting on the mitral valve (MV) leaflets, particularly asymmetric tethering, has been considered to be the main determinant of MR severity. Furthermore, for several years, inferior myocardial infarction (MI) has been recognized as the most frequent cause of ischemic MR because of the geometric distortion in the papillary muscle (PM)–bearing segments. In addition, the integrity of LV basal function also plays a role in decreasing ischemic MR. Furthermore, the restricted sphincter motion of the mitral annulus (MA) after an inferior or posterior MI is a cofactor that can modulate the degree of ischemic MR. Therefore, the site of post-MI LV remodeling might be a more important determinant of MR degree in LV dysfunction than the extent of post-MI LV remodeling. Recent advances in cardiac imaging techniques, such as speckle-tracking echocardiography, have provided new insights into LV mechanics after MI. However, the involvement of impaired basal rotation in the pathophysiology of MR has not been fully evaluated. In the present study, we sought (1) to investigate whether basal rotational mechanical failure is associated with increased MR and (2) to provide a hypothesis for the pathophysiologic mechanism by which basal rotation affects MR.
Methods
Study Population
From December 2010 to December 2011, we prospectively studied 80 consecutive patients referred for conventional echocardiography for previous MI.
Of the 80 patients, 57 (52 men; mean age, 68.3 ± 11.8 years) with systolic LV dysfunction, defined as an ejection fraction (EF) ≤ 45% and any degree of functional MR, were selected for the present study.
Twenty-three patients were excluded for one or more of the following reasons: (1) clinical and echocardiographic evidence of other cardiac and/or heart valve disease (five patients), (2) previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery (three patients), (3) morphologic abnormalities of the MV apparatus (two patients), (4) acute recurrence of MI (within the past 2 weeks; one patient), (5) atrial fibrillation (four patients), (6) left bundle branch block (three patients), (7) technically inadequate color flow Doppler images for the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method (i.e., markedly eccentric regurgitant jets and/or multiple regurgitant orifices for which the feasibility of the PISA method would have been poor; two patients), and (8) technically inadequate two-dimensional echocardiographic images for speckle-tracking echocardiographic analysis (three patients).
All patients underwent preliminary cardiologic examinations with comprehensive clinical data collection, including cardiovascular risk factors, documented history of prior transmural ST-segment elevation MI, and current medication use. Moreover, particular care was taken to ensure that all of the patients met the recommended diagnostic criteria for MR, which can be summarized as follows: MR occurring >16 days after MI with one or more LV segmental wall motion (WM) abnormalities, significant coronary disease in a territory supplying the WM abnormalities, and structurally normal MV leaflets and chordae tendinae.
Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
LV Remodeling and Function
Each subject underwent standard transthoracic echocardiogram using Vivid 7 echocardiography equipment (GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS, Horten, Norway). The parameters of global LV remodeling, including LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume and biplane Simpson’s EF, were measured. Body surface area (BSA) was calculated using the Du Bois formula, and LV volumes were indexed accordingly. The sphericity index, which represents LV shape, was defined as the short-axis/long-axis dimension ratio in the end-systolic apical four-chamber view. A qualitative assessment of regional WM was made using the 16-segment model of the American Society of Echocardiography, and the WM score index was then calculated. Because previous clinical studies have validated the accuracy of the E/e′ ratio for predicting LV filling pressure in ischemic MR and prognosis after MI, we used this parameter as an estimate of LV diastolic function. For this purpose, e′ was derived from the average of the velocities of the septal and lateral MA using spectral Doppler tissue imaging. The mitral deceleration time and E/A ratio were also recorded for each patient as markers of diastolic function.
Identification of Infarct Area and Definition of the Subgroups
To detect the contribution of LV basal rotation in determining MR degree, the study population was divided into two groups according to the site and extent of the infarct area. The latter was defined as a myocardial region with segmental WM abnormality (hypokinesia, akinesia, or dyskinesia) associated with increased brightness and/or reduced wall thickness on transthoracic echocardiography. Patients with infarct areas only in the anterior LV segments (apex, anterior wall, and/or anterior septum) were included in group A ( n = 26), whereas those with infarct areas in the anterior and inferoposterior segments (apex, anterior wall, and/or anterior septum plus the mid to basal inferior, posterior wall, or inferoseptum) were included in group B ( n = 31). No patient with either an isolated anterior or inferior-posterior infarct and an LV EF ≤ 45% was observed.
MR Quantification and MV Deformation Analysis
To estimate the degree of MR, the effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) was calculated according to the formula from the PISA.
To assess MV geometric deformation, the coaptation depth, defined as the distance between the point of leaflet coaptation and the MV annular plane, and the tenting area, calculated as the area subtending the annulus and the MV leaflets, were measured in the parasternal long-axis view in the mesosystolic phase of the cardiac cycle. The pattern of tethering was also evaluated, and an asymmetric pattern was diagnosed when a predominant posterior tethering of both leaflets with the anterior leaflet overriding superior to the posterior one was present and also showed a “hockey stick configuration,” whereas the symmetric pattern was defined by a predominant apical tethering of both leaflets. To evaluate the sphincteric function of the posterior MA, a long-axis apical view was used, whereas the corresponding orthogonal commissure-commissure plane measurement was made using the apical four-chamber view at the junction of the leaflet and left atrium, as recently recommended. The end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters of the MA were calculated, and the respective MA areas (MAAs) were obtained using the following equation: MAA = (π r 1 r 2 )/4, where r 1 and r 2 are the diameters of the ellipse. Finally, MA contractility was derived as the percentage area reduction according to the following formula: mitral annular contractility = (end-diastolic MAA − end-systolic MAA)/(end-diastolic MAA) × 100%.
The outward displacement of PMs was calculated as the lengths between the anterolateral PM and posteromedial PM tips and the contralateral anterior MA in midsystole in the apical four-chamber and two-chamber views; the anterior MA was used as a reference point.
Global and Regional LV Strain and Rotational Mechanics
For offline analysis of strain and rotation, LV short-axis views, acquired at the basal, mid, and apical levels, and standard LV apical four-chamber, three-chamber, and two-chamber views were recorded with a mean frame rate of ≥70 frames/sec. The two-dimensional strain and rotation data were analyzed by frame-to-frame tracking of the grayscale patterns using dedicated software (EchoPAC version 7.0.0; GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS); Automated Function Imaging (GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS) was used to evaluate longitudinal strain (LS). Both the strain and rotation peaks were measured during the end-systolic frame of the cardiac cycle. LV rotation was calculated from the apical and basal short-axis images, with counterclockwise rotation marked as a positive value and clockwise rotation as a negative value. LV twist was measured as the net difference, in degrees, between the apical and basal rotation. To determine the role of the inferior and posterior basal segments in affecting global basal rotation and MR degree, regional strain and rotation were analyzed by dividing the LV base into two equal three-segment zones. The first zone included the three anterior basal segments (anterior wall, anterolateral wall, and anterior septum), and the second zone included the three inferior-posterior basal segments (inferior wall, inferolateral or posterior wall, and inferior septum).
Two independent observers blinded to MR severity separately assessed the functional LV parameters. To assess the reproducibility of the LV strain, LV rotation, and EROA measurements, 20 patients were randomly selected.
Geometric Model
To support the hypothesis regarding a possible interplay between the tethering forces and basal rotation in group B (anterior and inferior-posterior MI), which might affect MV function, we have provided a geometric model of the MV apparatus showing the relative rotation of the annulus with respect to the rotation at the level of the PMs ( Figure 1 ). Using a geometric formula, we analyzed the effectiveness of basal rotation in changing the distance between the PMs and MV under normal conditions ( Figure 1 A) and in the case of an inferior-posterior MI ( Figure 1 B).
Statistical Analysis
The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 17 for Windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). Independent t tests were used to compare normally distributed, continuous variables between groups, whereas Mann-Whitney U tests were applied to variables that did not meet these criteria, as appropriate. Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables. Univariate and multivariate stepwise linear regression analyses were performed to identify the determinants of EROA. Correlations between basal rotation and all other echocardiographic variables were assessed using Pearson’s coefficient. Interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility regarding the measurement of the parameters of LV mechanics was evaluated using an intraclass correlation coefficient. For any parameter, a P value ≤.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Overall Study Population
Baseline Characteristics and LV Function
Demographic characteristics, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, current medication use, and conventional echocardiographic parameters of the study population are shown in Table 1 . Patients had globally remodeled ventricles with moderate to severe systolic and diastolic dysfunction.
| Variable | All patients ( n = 57) | Group A (anterior MI) ( n = 26) | Group B (anterior and inferior-posterior MI) ( n = 31) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age (y) | 69.5 ± 10 | 63.2 ± 13.4 | 71 ± 9.9 |
| BSA (m 2 ) | 1.78 ± 0.17 | 1.73 ± 0.17 | 1.80 ± 0.18 |
| Men | 52 (91.2%) | 24 (92%) | 28 (90%) |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 145 ± 10 | 144 ± 11 | 147 ± 10 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg | 89 ± 10 | 89 ± 9 | 90 ± 11 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 27 (47.4%) | 13 (50%) | 14 (45%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 29 (50.8%) | 14 (53%) | 15 (48%) |
| Smokers | 38 (66.6%) | 18 (69%) | 20 (65%) |
| Diuretics | 38 (66.6%) | 18 (69%) | 20 (65%) |
| β-blockers | 43 (75%) | 19 (73%) | 24 (77%) |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 57 (100%) | 26 (100%) | 31 (100%) |
| Statins | 57 (100%) | 26 (100%) | 31 (100%) |
| Global LV remodeling and function | |||
| EDV/BSA (mL/m 2 ) | 82 ± 22 | 76.8 ± 11 | 81.90 ± 18 |
| ESV/BSA (mL/m 2 ) | 54 ± 18 | 53.6 ± 16 | 55.8 ± 12 |
| EF (%) | 30 ± 9 | 33.1 ± 11.5 | 31.6 ± 9.69 |
| WMSI | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.7 ∗ |
| Sphericity index | 0.69 ± 0.07 | 0.72 ± 0.07 | 0.68 ± 0.07 |
| LV diastolic function | |||
| E/A ratio | 1.95 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2 ± 0.3 |
| Deceleration time (msec) | 105 ± 19.5 | 102 ± 20 | 108 ± 19 |
| E/e′ ratio | 23 ± 10.6 | 22.7 ± 11.6 | 21.7 ± 9.89 |
MR Quantification and MV Deformation
Regarding MR degree in all of the patients, the mean EROA was 0.16 ± 0.07 cm 2 (rang, 0.04–0.42 cm 2 ). Furthermore, the prevalence of asymmetric tethering was higher (59.6%) than that of symmetric tethering (40.4%) ( P = .01). Increased MR (mean EROA, 0.21 ± 0.07 cm 2 ) was found in patients with asymmetric tethering compared with those with symmetric tethering (mean EROA, 0.13 ± 0.05 cm 2 ) ( P < .001). The MA was mildly dilated and had reduced contractility. Finally, there was an outward displacement of the anterolateral PM and posteromedial PM ( Table 2 ).
| Variable | All patients ( n = 57) | Group A (anterior MI) ( n = 26) | Group B (anterior and inferior-posterior MI) ( n = 31) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quantification of MR | |||
| EROA (cm 2 ) (range) | 0.16 ± 0.07 (0.04–0.42) | 0.14 ± 0.07 (0.04–0.2) | 0.19 ± 0.08 § (0.1–0.42) |
| EROA (cm 2 ) in asymmetrical tethering | 0.21 ± 0.07 | 0.18 ± 0.07 | 0.21 ± 0.09 |
| EROA (cm 2 ) in symmetrical tethering | 0.13 ± 0.05 # | 0.12 ± 0.07 ∗∗† | 0.15 ± 0.06 †† |
| MV deformation | |||
| Coaptation depth (mm) | 1.5 ± 0.27 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.2 |
| Tenting area (cm 2 ) | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 3.97 ± 0.8 |
| Asymmetric tethering | 34 (59.6%) | 10 (38.5%) | 24 (77.4%) ∗ |
| Symmetric tethering | 23 (40.4%) | 16 (61.5%) ‡‡ | 7 (22.6%) §§ |
| End-diastolic annular area (cm 2 ) | 10.1 ± 2.6 | 9.1 ± 1.8 | 10.5 ± 2.8 |
| End-systolic annular area (cm 2 ) | 8.3 ± 2.2 | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 9.1 ± 2.3 ¶ |
| Mitral annular contractility (%) | 16.7 ± 8.4 | 23.7 ± 7.8 | 12.9 ± 5.9 || |
| PMPM-annulus (cm) | 4.5 ± 0.53 | 4 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.7 ‡ |
| ALPM-annulus (cm) | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.5 |
LV Strain and Rotational Mechanics
Speckle-tracking echocardiographic analysis revealed a diffuse impairment of LS associated with more impaired radial and circumferential deformation at the level of the apical segments. The results for rotation were similar, showing that apical rotation and LV twist were significantly reduced; in contrast, basal rotation was only mildly decreased ( Table 3 ).
| Variable | All patients | Group A (anterior MI) | Group B (anterior and inferior-posterior MI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basal LS (%) | −9.8 ± 3.5 | −11.8 ± 3.5 | −8.8 ± 3.1 ∗ |
| Mid LS (%) | −9 ± 3.4 | −9.8 ± 2.7 | −8.6 ± 3.6 |
| Apical LS (%) | −9.4 ± 3.9 | −8.4 ± 3 | −9.9 ± 4.3 |
| Basal RS (%) | 17.7 (11.4 to 25.1) | 14.6 (9.4 to 20.8) | 21.1 (17.1 to 33.8) || |
| Mid RS (%) | 17.9 (12.9 to 25.2) | 17.6 (11.6 to 20.6) | 17.9 (13.8 to 33.1) |
| Apical RS (%) | 8.6 (3.5 to 14.6) | 9.9 (5.1 to 14.8) | 5.2 (3.5 to 15.0) |
| Global RS (%) | 15.2 (11.1 to 19.3) | 14.4 (10.5 to 18.8) | 16.4 (12.7 to 26.3) |
| Basal CS (%) | −7.9 (−5.6 to −10.2) | −7.3 (−4.9 to −8.9) | −9.2 (−6.7 to −12.1) † |
| Mid CS (%) | −9.1 (−6.5 to −11.2) | −9.1 (−6.1 to −11.2) | −8.7 (−6.7 to −10.9) |
| Apical CS (%) | −6.9 (−5.3 to −11.1) | −7.8 (−5.5 to −12.2) | −6.5 (−4.2 to −8.9) |
| Global CS (%) | −8.1 (−6.9 to −10.2) | −8.1 (−6.3 to −10.5) | −7.8 (−7.0 to −9.8) |
| Global LS (%) | −9.5 ± 3.1 | −10.2 ± 2.3 | −9.1 ± 3.4 |
| Basal rotation (°) | −2.3 (−4.5 to 0.1) | −1.9 (−4.4 to 1.0) | −3.9 (−6.5 to −1.9) § |
| Apical rotation (°) | 1.8 (4.3 to −0.97) | 0.4 ± 3.4 | 3.4 ± 3.9 ‡ |
| Twist (°) | 3.7 (0.1 to 7.9) | 5.00 ± 5.97 | 4.35 ± 4.66 |
Groups A and B
Baseline Characteristics and LV Function
There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the two groups, including demographic and clinical data ( Table 1 ). In addition, there was no difference between the groups with regard to global LV dilatation or dysfunction. However, the extent of WM alterations was greater in group B than in group A ( P = .047).
MR Quantification and MV Deformation
With regard to MR quantification, the mean EROA was larger in group B (0.19 ± 0.08 cm 2 ; range, 0.10–0.42 cm 2 ) than in group A (0.14 ± 0.07 cm 2 ; range, 0.04–0.2 cm 2 ; P = .034). The tethering pattern was symmetric in most patients in group A and asymmetric in most patients in group B ( P < .001). Furthermore, asymmetric tethering was associated with at least moderate MR in both groups. In fact, in group A, the mean EROA was 0.18 ± 0.07 cm 2 in patients with asymmetric patterns and 0.12 ± 0.07 cm 2 in those with symmetric patterns ( P = .036). A similar finding was observed in group B: the mean EROA was 0.21 ± 0.09 cm 2 in patients with asymmetric tethering and 0.15 ± 0.06 cm 2 in those with symmetric tethering ( P = .040) ( Table 2 ).
With regard to MV deformation, the calculated tenting area and coaptation depth were clearly not different between the groups. Regarding mitral annular dimension and mechanics, end-systolic MAA was larger in group B than in group A ( P = .001), whereas mitral annular contractility was lower in group B than in group A ( P < .001). Finally, the distance between the posteromedial PM and MA was greater in group B than in group A ( P = .007); no difference between the groups was found with regard to anterolateral PM displacement.
LV Strain and Rotational Mechanics
There was a significant difference between the groups with regard to all types of basal strain, including radial strain (RS) ( P = .004), circumferential strain (CS) ( P = .042), and LS ( P = .005), as well as basal rotation ( P = .021), which were all lower in group B than in group A. In contrast, group A had less global apical rotation than group B ( P = .018); no difference was found between the groups with regard to LV twist ( Tables 3 and 4 ).
| Variable | Group A (anterior MI) | Group B (anterior and inferior-posterior MI) |
|---|---|---|
| Inferior-posterior basal LS (%) | −14.6 ± 4.7 | −7.9 ± 3.8 ∗ |
| Anterior basal LS (%) | −9.1 ± 3.2 | −9.5 ± 4.7 |
| Inferior-posterior basal RS (%) | 34.4 ± 17.5 | 18.6 ± 11.2 § |
| Anterior basal RS (%) | 19.2 ± 11.8 | 14.1 ± 10.7 |
| Inferior-posterior basal CS (%) | −10.4 ± 6.1 | −6.1 ± 3.8 † |
| Anterior basal CS (%) | −9.7 ± 4.4 | −7.8 ± 4.3 |
| Inferior-posterior basal rotation (%) | −5.8 ± 4.8 | −1.5 ± 3.2 ‡ |
| Anterior basal rotation (%) | −3.7 ± 3.6 | −1.8 ± 2.9 |
Regarding LV basal mechanics at the regional level, we found that the inferior-posterior basal segments had less RS ( P < .001), CS ( P = .014), and LS ( P < .001) and rotation ( P = .001) in group B than in group A; no difference between the groups was found for strain and rotation in the basal anterior segments ( Table 4 , Figure 2 ).
Factors Associated with Basal Rotation in the Overall Population and Subgroups
In the overall population, basal rotation was correlated with EROA ( r = −0.53, P < .001; Figure 3 A), EF ( r = 0.39, P = .004), mitral annular contractility ( r = −0.62, P < .001; Figure 4 A), and most types of basal strain (global basal CS, r = 0.36, P = .009; inferior-posterior basal CS, r = 0.42, P = .002; anterior basal CS, r = 0.41, P = .003; global basal RS, r = 0.52, P < .001; inferior-posterior basal RS, r = 0.64, P < .001; anterior basal RS, r = 0.50, P < .001; and inferior-posterior basal LS, r = 0.52, P < .001). In group A, basal rotation was correlated with EF ( r = 0.64, P = .004) and most types of basal strain (global basal CS, r = 0.70, P = .002; global basal RS, r = 0.79, <0.001; inferior-posterior basal RS, r = 0.74, P = .001; anterior basal RS, r = 0.74, P = .001; and inferior-posterior basal LS, r = 0.58, P = .018). In group B, basal rotation was correlated with EROA ( r = −0.75, P < .001; Figure 3 C), mitral annular contractility ( r = −0.90, P < .001; Figure 4 C), basal inferior-posterior RS ( r = 0.39, P = .024), and posteromedial PM–annular distance ( r = −0.37, P = .034).
Reproducibility Measurements
The interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility data obtained using intraclass correlation coefficients are detailed in Table 5 . Good agreement was observed for both intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility for all of the measurements of LV mechanics and EROA.
| Variable | Intraobserver ICC (95% CI) | Interobserver ICC (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Basal LS | 0.943 (0.902–0.966) | 0.921 (0.872–0.946) |
| Mid LS | 0.936 (0.890–0.958) | 0.910 (0.889–0.945) |
| Apical LS | 0.931 (0.883–0.962) | 0.907 (0.883–0.938) |
| Basal RS | 0.910 (0.892–0.933) | 0.892 (0.854–0.932) |
| Mid RS | 0.916 (0.871–0.939) | 0.889 (0.845–0.913) |
| Apical RS | 0.901 (0.868–0.924) | 0.887 (0.842–0.915) |
| Basal CS | 0.912 (0.872–0.941) | 0.889 (0.851–0.920) |
| Mid CS | 0.918 (0.881–0.939) | 0.901 (0.873–0.929) |
| Apical CS | 0.907 (0.869–0.931) | 0.879 (0.861–0.912) |
| Basal rotation | 0.896 (0.856–0.922) | 0.887 (0.861–0.912) |
| Apical rotation | 0.891 (0.855–0.929) | 0.871 (0.834–0.917) |
| EROA, symmetric tethering | 0.842 (0.813–0.876) | 0.753 (0.705–0.789) |
| EROA, asymmetric tethering | 0.861 (0.823–0.879) | 0.824 (0.786–0.852) |
Linear Univariate and Multivariate Regression Analysis
To assess the main determinants of EROA, we classified the calculated parameters into three categories: (1) LV global remodeling and function (volumes, function, shape, global strain, and twist), (2) MV deformation (tethering and annular mechanics), and (3) LV local remodeling and function (PM displacement, basal strain, and basal rotation). A linear univariate and multivariate stepwise regression analysis of EROA in relation to all of the above parameters was first performed for the overall population and then separately for each group ( Table 6 ).
| All patients | Group A (anterior MI) | Group B (anterior and inferior-posterior MI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate linear regression | Multivariate linear regression | Univariate linear regression | Multivariate linear regression | Univariate linear regression | Multivariate linear regression | ||||
| Variable | R 2 | P | P | R 2 | P | P | R 2 | P | P |
| Age | 0.022 | .314 | – | 0.013 | .660 | – | 0.078 | .122 | – |
| LV global remodeling and function | |||||||||
| EDV/BSA | 0.213 | .035 | .516 | 0.708 | .036 | <.001 | 0.059 | .383 | – |
| ESV/BSA | 0.250 | .021 | .390 | 0.454 | .142 | – | 0.143 | .164 | – |
| EF | 0.058 | .093 | – | 0.142 | .123 | – | 0.017 | .474 | – |
| Sphericity index | 0.020 | .324 | – | 0.070 | .289 | – | 0.051 | .215 | – |
| Global LS | 0.05 | .20 | – | 0.05 | .15 | – | 0.04 | .27 | – |
| Global CS | 0.03 | .34 | – | 0.07 | .28 | – | 0.01 | .69 | – |
| Global RS | 0.10 | .53 | – | 0.13 | .37 | – | 0.003 | .74 | – |
| Twist | 0.051 | .115 | – | 0.028 | .508 | – | 0.079 | .119 | – |
| MV deformation | |||||||||
| Asymmetric tethering | 0.291 | <.001 | .016 | 0.370 | .007 | .200 | 0.194 | .012 | .029 |
| Tenting area | 0.053 | .108 | – | 0.295 | .020 | .004 | 0.004 | .737 | – |
| Coaptation depth | 0.160 | .004 | .284 | 0.361 | .008 | .090 | 0.064 | .161 | – |
| End-diastolic annular area | 0.005 | .612 | – | 0.412 | .004 | .932 | 0.043 | .253 | – |
| End-systolic annular area | 0.065 | .074 | – | 0.638 | <.001 | .054 | 0.003 | .755 | – |
| Annular contraction | 0.331 | <.001 | .043 | 0.143 | .122 | – | 0.397 | <.001 | .872 |
| LV local remodeling and function | |||||||||
| ALPM-annulus | 0.005 | .641 | – | 0.010 | .717 | – | 0.009 | .604 | – |
| PMPM-annulus | 0.069 | .070 | – | 0.153 | .121 | – | 0.019 | .455 | – |
| Basal LS | 0.005 | .634 | – | 0.065 | .339 | – | 0.031 | .335 | – |
| Basal RS | 0.062 | .086 | 0.020 | .587 | – | 0.027 | .368 | – | |
| Basal CS | 0.020 | .329 | – | 0.031 | .501 | – | 0.007 | .654 | – |
| Basal rotation | 0.25 | <.001 | .466 | 0.008 | .731 | – | 0.56 | <.001 | <.001 |
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