Recently disclosed facts suggest that organisms evolved on Earth acquired many of the visible and invisible cycles of their habitat and/or of their cosmos. While circadian systems are well documented both time-macroscopically [1–7] and time-microscopically [1–3, 8–12], the temporal organization of physiological function is much more extensive. Humans have developed “clock” genes of the circadian, and probably many other components in the spectral element of chronomes, beyond about-yearly (circannual) and about-weekly (circaseptan) features, as a product of adaptation to, or rather integration with cycles in the cosmos. These resolvable time structures, chronomes, in us have counterparts around us, also consisting of rhythms, trends, and chaos, as is increasingly being recognized.

In this section, we focus on another field of chronoecology in medicine [13]. A variety of cognitive, neurobehavioral, and neuropsychological as well as cardiovascular functions will need to be investigated to more precisely map their chronomes in space and time, i.e., in communities worldwide. Fortunately, we have succeeded in investigating several rural Japanese towns, including Uraus and Tosa (Figs. 9.1–9.7), but also old towns in the Himalayan valley (Figs. 9.8–9.10). We have also performed a project on stroke prevention, based on community-based comprehensive medical assessment (CMA), including 7-day/24-hour monitoring of blood pressure as a public service, in Uraus and Tosa, towns in Hokkaido and in Shikoku county, Japan, respectively, according to plans originally made in the city of Roseville, a suburb of St. Paul, Minnesota [14]. Mayor Kaname Yamamoto in Uraus and mayor Takushi Nishimura in Tosa have extended to all residents of their cities an offer of community-based CMA, including 7-day/24-hour blood pressure monitoring, which is the first historic chronome mapping for stroke prevention [15–22].