Useful formulas

LVEDP = DBP − 4V², where V is max velocity of AI jet

LAP = SBP − 4V², where V is max velocity of MR jet

LAP = RAP + 4V², where V is max velocity of ASD jet

SV = Area_LVOT × VTI_LVOT

CO = HR × SV

PASP = SBP − 4V², where V is velocity of PDA jet

PADP = RAP + 4V², where V is maximal end diastolic PI velocity

RVSP = SBP – 4V², where V is velocity of VSD jet

RVSP = RAP + 4V², where V is max velocity of TR jet

Pericardial fluid volume (ml) = P³ − H³, where P is diameter of pericardial space in circumferential pericardial effusion, H is diameter of the heart in diastole (measurements in parasternal LAX view).

Area of the MV annulus = 0.785 × D1 × D2, where D1 is diameter in 4-chambers view, and D2 in 2-chambers view.

E/E¹ > 15 → LVEDP > 19 mmHg (for medial mitral annulus)

E/E¹ > 12 → LVEDP > 19 mmHg (for lateral mitral annulus)

If LVEF <50%, E/A >2, DT <160 msec → PCWP >18 mmHg

PCWP = 5.27 × E/Vp + 4.6

PCWP = 1.55 + 1.47 × E/E¹ (sinus tachycardia)

PCWP = 1.9 + 1.24 × E/E¹ (normal sinus rhythm)

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