43.
Shadel GS, Clayton DA. Mitochondrial DNA maintenance in vertebrates. Annu Rev Biochem. 1997;66:409–35.PubMed
44.
Iborra FJ, Kimura H, Cook PR. The functional organization of mitochondrial genomes in human cells. BMC Biol. 2004;2:9.PubMedCentralPubMed
45.
Yakes FM, Van Houten B. Mitochondrial DNA damage is more extensive and persists longer than nuclear DNA damage in human cells following oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:514–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
46.
Santos JH, Mandavilli BS, Van Houten B. Measuring oxidative mtdna damage and repair using quantitative pcr. Methods Mol Biol. 2002;197:159–76.PubMed
47.
Van Houten B, Woshner V, Santos JH. Role of mitochondrial DNA in toxic responses to oxidative stress. DNA Repair (Amst). 2006;5:145–52.
48.
Auten RL, Whorton MH, Nicholas Mason S. Blocking neutrophil influx reduces DNA damage in hyperoxia-exposed newborn rat lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002;26:391–7.PubMed
49.
Oka S, Ohno M, Tsuchimoto D, Sakumi K, Furuichi M, Nakabeppu Y. Two distinct pathways of cell death triggered by oxidative damage to nuclear and mitochondrial dnas. EMBO J. 2008;27:421–32.PubMedCentralPubMed
50.
Shokolenko I, Venediktova N, Bochkareva A, Wilson GL, Alexeyev MF. Oxidative stress induces degradation of mitochondrial DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37:2539–48.PubMedCentralPubMed
51.
Furda AM, Marrangoni AM, Lokshin A, Van Houten B. Oxidants and not alkylating agents induce rapid mtdna loss and mitochondrial dysfunction. DNA Repair (Amst). 2012;11: 684–92.
52.
Hori A, Yoshida M, Shibata T, Ling F. Reactive oxygen species regulate DNA copy number in isolated yeast mitochondria by triggering recombination-mediated replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37:749–61.PubMedCentralPubMed
53.
Lee HC, Yin PH, Lu CY, Chi CW, Wei YH. Increase of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in response to oxidative stress in human cells. Biochem J. 2000;348(Pt 2):425–32.PubMedCentralPubMed
54.
Lee HC, Yin PH, Lin JC, Wu CC, Chen CY, Wu CW, Chi CW, Tam TN, Wei YH. Mitochondrial genome instability and mtdna depletion in human cancers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1042:109–22.PubMed
55.
Shoffner JM, Lott MT, Lezza AM, Seibel P, Ballinger SW, Wallace DC. Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber disease (merrf) is associated with a mitochondrial DNA trna(lys) mutation. Cell. 1990;61:931–7.PubMed
56.
Shoffner JM, Lott MT, Voljavec AS, Soueidan SA, Costigan DA, Wallace DC. Spontaneous kearns-sayre/chronic external ophthalmoplegia plus syndrome associated with a mitochondrial DNA deletion: A slip-replication model and metabolic therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86:7952–6.PubMedCentralPubMed
57.
Venclovas C, Thelen MP. Structure-based predictions of rad1, rad9, hus1 and rad17 participation in sliding clamp and clamp-loading complexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28:2481–93.PubMedCentralPubMed
58.
Parrilla-Castellar ER, Arlander SJH, Karnitz L. Dial 9-1-1 for DNA damage: The rad9-hus1-rad1 (9-1-1) clamp complex. DNA Repair. 2004;3:1009–14.PubMed
59.
Volkmer E, Karnitz LM. Human homologs of schizosaccharomyces pombe rad1, hus1, and rad9 form a DNA damage-responsive protein complex. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:567–70.PubMed
60.
Weiss RS, Leder P, Vaziri C. Critical role for mouse hus1 in an s-phase DNA damage cell cycle checkpoint. Mol Cell Biol. 2003;23:791–803.PubMedCentralPubMed
61.
Weiss RS, Matsuoka S, Elledge SJ, Leder P. Hus1 acts upstream of chk1 in a mammalian DNA damage response pathway. Curr Biol. 2002;12:73–7.PubMed
62.
Weiss RS, Enoch T, Leder P. Inactivation of mouse hus1 results in genomic instability and impaired responses to genotoxic stress. Genes Dev. 2000;14:1886–98.PubMedCentralPubMed
63.
Uziel T, Lerenthal Y, Moyal L, Andegeko Y, Mittelman L, Shiloh Y. Requirement of the mrn complex for atm activation by DNA damage. EMBO J. 2003;22:5612–21.PubMedCentralPubMed
64.
van den Bosch M, Bree RT, Lowndes NF. The mrn complex: coordinating and mediating the response to broken chromosomes. EMBO Rep. 2003;4:844–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
65.
Petrini JH, Stracker TH. The cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks: defining the sensors and mediators. Trends Cell Biol. 2003;13:458–62.PubMed
66.
D’Amours D, Jackson SP. The mre11 complex: at the crossroads of dna repair and checkpoint signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002;3:317–27.PubMed
67.
Ting NS, Lee WH. The DNA double-strand break response pathway: becoming more brcaish than ever. DNA Repair (Amst). 2004;3:935–44.
69.
Rossi MN, Carbone M, Mostocotto C, Mancone C, Tripodi M, Maione R, Amati P. Mitochondrial localization of parp-1 requires interaction with mitofilin and is involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA integrity. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:31616–24.PubMedCentralPubMed
70.
Kalifa L, Quintana DF, Schiraldi LK, Phadnis N, Coles GL, Sia RA, Sia EA. Mitochondrial genome maintenance: roles for nuclear nonhomologous end-joining proteins in saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 2012;190:951–64.PubMedCentralPubMed
71.
Yamamoto M, Nishiuma T, Kobayashi K, Maniwa Y, Sakashita A, Funada Y, Kotani Y, Nishimura Y. Rad9 is upregulated and plays protective roles in an acute lung injury model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;376:590–4.PubMed
72.
Uchisaka N, Takahashi N, Sato M, Kikuchi A, Mochizuki S, Imai K, Nonoyama S, Ohara O, Watanabe F, Mizutani S, Hanada R, Morio T. Two brothers with ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder with lung adenocarcinoma. J Pediatr. 2009;155:435–8.PubMed
73.
Chrzanowska KH, Gregorek H, Dembowska-Baginska B, Kalina MA, Digweed M. Nijmegen breakage syndrome (nbs). Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012;7:13.PubMedCentralPubMed
74.
Lempiainen H, Halazonetis TD. Emerging common themes in regulation of pikks and pi3ks. EMBO J. 2009;28:3067–73.PubMedCentralPubMed
75.
Ciccia A, Elledge SJ. The DNA damage response: making it safe to play with knives. Mol Cell. 2010;40:179–204.PubMedCentralPubMed