Chapter 24 Test Questions William R. Grubb and Andrew T. Burr Questions | Chapter 2: Principles of Ultrasound 2-1. Clinically useful ultrasound imaging waves are: 2-2. True concerning frequency of ultrasound signals include all but: A Higher frequencies provide better resolution B Higher frequencies are attenuated C Higher frequencies are used in the epicardial probes relative to TEE probes 2-4. Which is not a cause of attenuation? 2-5. Which is not true when describing the piezoelectric crystals? A Piezoelectric material creates an electrical change when deformed B When changed by electrical current, a sound wave can be produced C The piezoelectric crystal is the functional element of the transducer D The lead zirconate titanate in an ultrasound transducer is stable when autoclaved Answers | Chapter 2: Principles of Ultrasound Questions | Chapter 3: Transducers and Instrumentation 3-1. The use of a damping material is applied to the transducer lens to accomplish all the following except: A Shorten the length of an ultrasound pulse B Improve axial resolution for an imaging transducer C Results in a more homogeneous bandwidth D Results in a less homogeneous bandwidth for better image acquisition 3-2. All true about axial resolution except: 3-3. True about spatial pulse length is: A Does not affect axial resolution B Determined by the number of cycles and the length of each cycle 3-4. All true concerning the transition zone, except: A Occurs where the beam is narrow, at the end of the near zone B Is within the focal zone, where lateral resolution is best C Directly related to lens diameter squared and the frequency of the transducer D Directly related to lens diameter squared and the wavelength of the transducer 3-5. All true concerning phased array transducers, except: Answers | Chapter 3: Transducers and Instrumentation Questions | Chapter 4: Equipment, Infection Control, and Safety 4-1. Acceptable cleaning solutions for the active tip of TEE probe are (multiple answers): 4-2. If the insulation for TEE probe is broken, consequences can be: 4-3. The reason why a probe cannot be removed from a patient’s esophagus: 4-4. It is possible to break TEE probe flexion lock by: 4-5. Which are contraindications for TEE? (multiple answers) Answers | Chapter 4: Equipment, Infection Control, and Safety Questions | Chapter 5: Principles of Doppler Ultrasound (True or False) 5-1. Focusing of the transducer beam is accomplished by the use of lenses and electronic phasing 5-2. The intensity of the ultrasound beam decreases in tissue deeper than the focal point of the system 5-3. The near zone length defines the furthest extent of the fresnel zone 5-4. Adding a damping material to a transducer will improve axial resolution because the spatial pulse length decreases 5-5. The duty factor is the percentage of time the transducer is actively putting signal into a tissue 5-6. The bandwidth of the transducer refers to the range of frequencies over which the transducer can respond and is determined by the difference between the highest and lowest usable frequencies 5-7. A shorter pulse duration results in a broader bandwidth 5-8. Modalities that require good axial resolution, such as 2-D, M-mode, and color Doppler, require fewer cycles in a pulse, resulting in a short spatial pulse length 5-9. A 4 MHz transducer transmits a range of frequencies with an average of 4 MHz 5-10. A single pulse from an ultrasound transducer contains a range of frequencies 5-11. Increasing gain (transmit power) increases the voltage going through the piezoelectric crystal producing a better signal to noise ratio Answers | Chapter 5: Principles of Doppler Ultrasound Questions | Chapter 6: Quantitative M-Mode and Two-Dimensional Echocardiography A Is not a form of B-mode echo B Best for examining the timing of cardiac events C Cannot work with color to determine velocities 6-2. M-mode echo is useful to detect all the following except: A The function of the cusps of the mitral valve B The function of the cusps of the aortic valve C The thickening of the ventricle walls during systolic D Speed of passage of red blood cells through the aortic valve as part of the continuity equation 6-3. Color M-mode technology is used to help assess diastolic function in the following manner: A Measure tissue movement of the mitral annulus B Measure velocities of mitral inflow patterns C Create the estimation of velocity of propagation by measuring the movement of a column of blood through the ventricle from the mitral valve to the apex 6-4. M-mode assessment of the aortic valve in patients with aortic insufficiency is notable in that: A Valve cusps seen in cross section do not approximate in diastoli B There is no appearance of the “boxcar”-like image C Valve cusps seen in cross section do not approximate in systoli 6-5. Unique features concerning M-mode echo include all except: Answers | Chapter 6: Quantitative M-Mode and Two-Dimensional Echocardiography Questions | Chapter 7: Quantitative Doppler 7-1. Increasing the depth of data acquisition will: 7-2. True concerning PRF except: A It is the number of times the transducer is excited each second B It is the reciprocal of the PRP C It can be changed by the sonographer 7-3. Range ambiguity is a feature of: 7-4. The velocity time integral is used in the continuity equation to estimate: A Length that blood flowed over time in cm B Area of valves in cm squared C Volume of blood flow in cm cubed 7-5. A cross sectional area multiplied by a VTI (estimated with a Doppler determination of velocities over time) determines a: Answers | Chapter 7: Quantitative Doppler Questions | Chapter 8: Doppler Profiles and Assessment of Diastolic Function 8-1. All are true about severe tricuspid regurgitation except: A Jet area greater than 10 cm squared B The vena contracta width is greater than 6.5 mm C There is systolic hepatic flow reversal 8-2. A basic concept of the study of diastolic ventricular function and transmitral flow notes that: A Quicker rises in E-waves are associated with good diastolic function B A stiff ventricle that does not relax results in changes in atrial filling and the patterns of the pulmonary vein flows C Changes in the E-wave and A-wave peaks parallel each other D The area of the E-wave provides an assessment of diastolic dysfunction 8-3. True concerning E/A ratios in diastolic dysfunction: A Differences in E/A ratios can distinguish normal from pseudonormal function B A reduction in preload will help distinguish normal from pseudonormal ventricles with similar E/A ratios C High E/A ratios are always good 8-4. A patient has an E/A ratio greater than 1, diastolic function can be further distinguished by all the following except:
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