19023v (B 6 v). Pen and brown ink (two shades) over traces of black chalk.

[Fig. 1, 2]

[Fig. 1, 2]

[I] 5 son lisspondjli del dorso | dj retto delle renj –

[I] There are five vertebrae of the back directly in the loins.

[II] 3  ·  homjni finjtj

[II] three men finished

3 chon ossa euene

three with bones and veins

3 con ossa eneruj

three with bones and nerves

3 con ossa senplicj

three with bones alone

Queste sono 12 djmo|strationj dj figure ī|tere –

These are 12 demonstrations of the whole [human] figure.

19027 v (B 10 v). Pen and brown ink over black chalk.

[Fig. 1, 2]

[Fig. 1, 2]

[I] Larteria ella uena che ne vechi sasstende infralla milza | el fegato  ·  sifa dj tanta grossezza dj pelle chella serra il | transito delsangue che viene dalle vene mjseraice  ·  | perle quali esso sanghue (sa) trasscorre al fegato e al core | e alle due vene magori e per conseguēza per tutto ilcorpo | e ttali vene oltre alloingrossamēto dj pelle crescano | inllungheza essissatorcigliano auso dj bisscia e il fe|gato perde lomore (che) del sangue che dacquesta li era | porto onde esso fegato sidjsecha effassi amodo dj crus|sca cōgelata si incolore come in materia in modo | che con pocha confregatione chesopra esso sifaccia | essa materia chede [sic: chade] in minute particule come se|gatura ellasscia leuene e arterie elle vene del fiele | e dellonbelicho cheperla porta del fegato inesso fegato | entravano rimāgano tutte spogliate della mate|ria desso fegato avso della (seme) meliga ossagina | quādo ne spichati li sua granj –

[I] The artery and vein which in the old extend between the spleen and the liver generate so thick a coat that it closes the passage of the blood which comes from the mesenteric veins through which blood passes to the liver and heart and to the two greater vessels [aorta; vena cava], and consequently through the whole body. And these veins, as well as thickening the coat, grow in length and become twisted like a snake, and the liver loses the humours of the blood which was carried there by the vein. Whence the liver is desiccated and becomes like congealed bran both in colour and substance so that when but a little friction is made on it this substance falls away in minute particles like sawdust leaving behind the veins and arteries. And the bile ducts and the vein from the umbilicus, which enter the liver through the porta hepatis, remain wholly deprived of liver substance like millet or broom-corn when their grains have been pulled off.

[II] Jlcolon (ne) ellaltre interiori ne vechi molto siristrī|gano e ottrovate loro pietre nelle vene che passa | sotto le forchole delpetto lequali erā grosse come ca|stagnje dj colore efforma djtartufi over di loppa | o marogna djferro le quali pietre erā durissime | come essa marognia e auea fattj sacchi apicha|ti alle dette vene amodo dj gozzj –

[II] The colon and other intestines in the old are very contracted. And I have found stones in the veins which pass beneath the forks of the chest [clavicles] which were as large as chestnuts, of the colour and shape of truffles or of dross or iron clinkers, which stones were very hard, like clinkers, and had formed bags attached to the said veins like goitres.

[III] ecquesto vechio dj poche ore ināzi lasua morte mj djsse lui | passare cēto anni e chenonsi sentiua alcū manchamēto ne|la persona altro che deboleza e cosi stādosi assedere sopra | vno letto nello spedale djscā [sic: di santa] maria nova djfirēze sanza al|ltro movimeto osegnjo dalcuno accidēte passo dj questa vita –

e io ne feci notomja per uedere lacausa djsi dolce morte la qual|le trovai venjre mene per mācamēto djsangue (ch) e arteria che | notria ilcore elli altri mēbri inferiori li quali trouai moltj | aridi (sec) stenuati essechi lacqual notomja djscrissi assa|i diligente mēte e cō grā facilita peressere priuato djgrasso | edjomore che assai inpedjsce lacognitione delle parte laltra | notomja fu dū putto dj 2 annj nelquale trovai ognj cosa | cōtra  <  r  >  ia acquella del uechio –

[III] And this old man, a few hours before his death, told me that he was over a 100 years old and that he felt nothing wrong with his body other than weakness. And thus, while sitting on a bed in the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence, without any movement or other sign of any mishap, he passed out of this life.

And I made an anatomy of him in order to see the cause of so sweet a death. This I found to be a fainting away through lack of blood to the artery which nourished the heart, and other parts below it, which I found very dry, thin and withered. This anatomy I described very diligently and with great ease because of the absence of fat and humours which greatly hinder the recognition of the parts. The other anatomy was on a child of 2 years in which I found everything contrary to that of the old man.

[IV] livechi che vivano | cōsanjta moiano per | charesstia dj nutrimē|to e cquessto acha|de perche (il) ellie he | risstretto alcōtinv|o il transito alle | vene mjseraice | per lo ingrossamē|to della pelle desse | vene succiessi | vamēte insino | alle vene chapi|llari le quali sō | leprime che inte|ramēte sirichi|vdano e dacque|sto nasscie chel|li vechi temā pi|v ilfreddo chel|li giovanj e che | quellj chessō mol|ti vecchi anno | la pelle dj cholor | dj legnjo o di cas|tagnja seccha | perche tal pelle e cq^a|si [sic: quasi] altucto priva|ta dj nutrimēto

[IV] The old who live in good health die through lack of nourishment. And this occurs because the passage of the mesenteric veins is continually constricted by the thickening of the coats of these veins successively as far as the capillary veins, which are the first to be completely closed. And from this it comes about that the old fear the cold more than the young; and that those who are very old have skin the colour of wood or dried chestnut because this skin is almost completely deprived of nourishment.

ettale tonicha dj | vene fa nnellomo chome nelli pome|rancj (leqa) alle | quali tāto piu in | grossa lasscorza | e djmjnuissciela | mjdolla quātop|piu sifanno vec|chi essettu djraj | chello ingrossamēto | delsangue nō corre | perlevene quessto no|ne vero perche il sanghue non@grossa nelle vene perche al cōtinuo more errinasscie

And this coat on the vessels acts in man as it does in oranges, in which as the peel thickens so the pulp diminishes the older they become. And if you say that it is the thickened blood which does not flow through the vessels, this is not true, because blood does not thicken in the vessels since it continually dies and is renewed.

19027 r (B 10 r). Pen and brown ink (two shades) over traces of black chalk. 192  ×  141 mm.

[I] ri ritraj il braccio dj francº mjnjatore | che mosstra molte vene –

[I] Portray the arm of Francesco the miniaturist which shows many veins

[Fig. 1]

[Fig. 1]

[II] Quasi vniversalmente tu troverraj  ·  il transito del|lle uene el transito deneruj essere (v) avn medesimo | camjno er  <  a  >  djrizarsi a medessimj musscoli eramjfica|re nelmedesimo modo in casscun dessi mvsscolj | e ciasscuna vena eneruo passare collarteria in fral|luno ellaltro mvsscolo erramjfichare inessi cone|qual ramj fichatione –

[II] You will find almost universally that the passage of the veins and nerves is along the same path, and is directed to the same muscles, and ramifies in the same way in each of these muscles. And each vein and nerve passes with the artery between one and another muscle and ramifies within it with equal ramification.

[III] Le vene sono asstensibili e djlatabile e dj que|sto donera testimonātia collavere io veduto | vno ferirsi achaso la vena chomune e inme|diate riseratosela chōnjsstretta leghatura einisspa|tio dj pochi giornj cressciere vn na poste ma (ro|ssa) sanguinea grossa chome vnovo docha pie|na dj sangue e chosi stare piu ānj// e anchora ho | trovato nū decrepito le vene mjseraice riser|rate iltrāsito alsangue erraddoppiati inlūgheza

[III] Veins are extensible and dilatable. And testimony of this is given by my having seen a man who by chance was wounded on the common vein [? median cubital vein] and it was immediately bound up with a tight bandage. In the space of a few days there grew up a [red] sanguineous abscess as large as a goose’s egg, full of blood; and so it remained for several years. I also found in a decrepit old man the mesenteric veins obstructing the passage of blood, and doubled in length.

[Fig. 2] giovane

[Fig. 2] youth

[Fig. 3] vechio

[Fig. 3] old man

[IV] natura delle vene | nella giovētu e ve|chiezza –

Quanto le vene sinvechiano esse si | desstrughā laloro rettitudjne nelle | le lor ramjfichationi essifan tā|to piv fressuose over serpeggiāti | (qua) e dj piu grossa schorza quā|to lauechieza e piu abōdante dānj

[IV] The nature of the veins in youth and age

As the veins grow old they destroy the straightness of their ramifications and they produce as much more tortuosity or windings, with thicker coats, as age is more abundant in years.

[V] faraj in quesste sorte djdjmōstrati|onj liueri djntornj delli mēbri cō|nuna sola linja e in mezo situ^a | lisua ossi cholle vere djsstan|tie dalla sua pelle coe pelle del |  ·  braccio  ·  eppoi faraj le vene ches|sieno intere inchanpo trans|sparente e cosi sidara chia|ra notitia delsito dellosso vena | ennervi

[V] In this kind of demonstration you will make the true contours of the limbs with a single line; and in the middle place the bones at their true distances from the skin, that is, the skin of the arm. And you will do the veins which should be complete in a transparent field of vision; and in this way clear knowledge of the position of the bone, vein and nerves will be given.

19028 r (B 11 r). Pen and brown ink (two shades) over traces of black chalk. 192  ×  140 mm.

[I] Il djaf[ran]a e apichato alla 12^a costa

[I] The diaphragm is attached to the 12th rib.

[II] farai leuene chessono nelchore | echosi larterie chello vivifjca|no ennutrisscano

[II] Draw the veins which are in the heart, and also the arteries, which vivify and nourish it.

[Fig. 1] m n o

[Fig. 1] m n o

[Fig. 2] nocco|lo a b c

[Fig. 2] nut a b c

[III] Tutte le uene e arterie nasscano dalcore e llaragone | he c  <  h  >  ella magore grosseza chessitrovi inesse vene e ar|terie he nella conguntione che esse āno col core  ·  e cq|quanto piu siremovano dal core piu si assottigliano | essj djujdano inpiu mjnute ramjficationj E sse ttu | djcessi chelle vene nasscessino nella gibbosita del fe|gato perche esse anno la loro ramjfichatione ines|sa gibbosita sicome le radjci delle piante anno nella | terra cque sta conparatione sirissponde chelle piante | nonanno la(loro) origine nelle loro radjci ma lle ra|dici ellaltre ramjficationj anno lorigine dalla pa|rte inferiore desse piante la quale sta infra llaria | ella terra ettutte le parte della pianta inferiore | e ssuperiore sonsē pre mjnore dessa parte che confi|na colla terra adunque e manjfessto che ttutta la | pianta a origine datta le grosseza e perconseguēza | le vene anno horigine dal core doue la lor magore | grosseza ne maj sitrova piāta che abia origine dalle 4| [^ –]4 punte | delle lor | radjci | o oltre | ramjfica|tione el|lla speri|enza si | vede ne|l nasscj|mento de|l persicho | che nassce | dello suo | noccolo | chomedj | sopra sidj|mosstra | in a b he | a c –[− ^]

[III] All the veins and arteries arise from the heart; and the reason is that the biggest veins and arteries are found at their conjunction with the heart. And the more they are removed from the heart the finer they become, and they divide into very small branches. And if you say that the veins arise in the gibbosity of the liver because they have their ramifications in this gibbosity, just as the roots of plants have in the earth, the reply to this comparison is that plants do not have their origin in their roots, but the roots and other ramifications take origin from that lower part of the plant which is situated between the air and the earth. And all the lower and upper parts of a plant are always less than this part which adjoins the earth. Therefore it is evident that the whole plant takes origin from such a size and in consequence the veins take their origin from the heart where they are biggest. Never does one find a plant which has its origin from the tips of its roots or other branches; and this is observed by experience in the sprouting of a peach which arises from its nut as is shown above at a b and a c.

[Fig. 3] core

[Fig. 3] heart

[Fig. 4]

[Fig. 4]

[IV] mai la pianta nasscie dal|llaramjfichatione perche | prima e lla pianta che | essa ramj fichatione | e prima e ilchore chelle | vene –

[IV] A plant never arises from its branches, for the plant exists before the branches and the heart exists before the veins.

[V] Jl core einocciolo che gienera lalbero delle vene | (e) Lequalj vene an leradici nelletame cioe le | vene mjseraicie che van adjpore loacqujssta|to sanghue nefeghato donde poi le uene superiori | del feghato sinutrichano –

[V] The heart is the nut which generates the tree of the veins; which veins have their roots in the manure, that is the meseraic [mesenteric] veins go on to deposit the blood they have acquired in the liver, whence then the upper veins of the liver [hepatic veins] are nourished.

[VI] fa p^a laramjfichatione delle | uene perse e poi lossa perse e | poi gu(gli)gnj lossa e uene ī|sieme –

[VI] Draw the first ramification of the veins by itself, and then the bones by themselves, and then join the bones and the veins together.

19029 r (B 12 r). Pen and brown ink (two shades) with black chalk. 191  ×  138 mm.

[Fig. I]

[Fig. I]

[I] delachagiō del chaldo | del sangh  <  ue  >  −

Jl chaldo sigienera peril | moto del chore e cques|sto simanifessta per|che quāto ilchor piu ve|locie simove ilchaldo | piu multi plicha cho  <  me  >  | cinsegnjā (lifeb) | il polso defeb|brichāti (n) | mosso dal battj|mēto delchore | e

[I] On the cause of the heat of the blood

The heat is generated by the movement of the heart; and this is evident because the more quickly the heart moves the more the heat multiplies, as the pulse of febrile persons moved by the beating of the heart teaches us.

[Fig. 2] C S B M N

[Fig. 2] C S B M N

[II] instrumento mirabile | (d) inuentionato dalsomo | maestro –

[II] Admirable instrument, invented by the Supreme Master

[III] core aperto nel ricettaculo | dellj spiriti coe nellarteria | e in m piglia o uero da il | ilsangue alla arteria e della | bocha B sirinfressca del | uento del polmone eddj |·  c  ·  rienpie liorechi del | chore S  ·  N mussco|lo duro siritira e de pri|ma causa delmoto del core | e nel ritirarsi singrossa e | nello ingrossarsi sirachor|ta essitira djrieto tutti | li musscoli inferiori essuper|irori e chiude la porta M | e rachorta lo spatio interpo|sto infralla basa ella cusspide del | core onde loujene a euacuare | e attrarre asse lafressca aria

[III] The heart, opened in the receptacle of the spirit, that is, the artery [left ventricle]. And at M it either takes the blood or gives it to the artery; and by the mouth B [mitral orifice] it is refreshed by the wind of the lungs; and through C it fills the auricles of the heart S.N, a hard muscle, contracts and is the primary cause of the movement of the heart, and in contracting it enlarges, and in enlarging it shortens and draws back all the muscles below and above it, and closes the gate M [mitral valve] and shortens the distance interposed between the base and the apex of the heart, whence it comes to empty itself, and to attract to itself fresh air.

19045 r (B 28 r). Pen and brown ink (three shades) over traces of black chalk. 192  ×  139 mm.

[Fig. 1]

[Fig. 1]

[I] ciascū gobbo fatto dalle gunture dellj | djti depiedj e delle mani anno vna cō|cavita (de) nelli djti chellj sō cōtingēti | la quale riceve dentro asse essa gro|bulētia e cquessto affatto la natura | per non djffor mare la lor largeza in|pero chesse dettj globbi fussino infra | loro incōtatto li piedj sifariano dj grā | largheza  ·  e ancora sarebbe necessari|o (che) vno de due effettj coe ochelli djti | fussino tuttj duna medesima lungezza | over che (v) luno auessi 2 gunture ella|ltro vna come fia djmosstrato allocho | suo delle ossa –

[I] Each protuberance made by the joints of the digits of the feet and hands has a hollow in the digits contiguous to it which receives into itself this rounded protuberance; and Nature has done this in order not to deform their width. For if the said protuberances were in contact with one another the feet would become of great width, and one of two further effects would necessarily occur; that is, either the digits would all be of the same length, or one would have two joints and the other one, as is demonstrated in its place on the bones.

[II] seguita qua

[II] It follows here …

[Fig. 2, 3]

[Fig. 2, 3]

[III] Jlmoto delliqujdo facto perqualūche verso tan|to prociede nella sua principiata (li) revoluti|one quāto viue illuj linpeto (p) datoli dal | suo primo motore

[III] The movement made by a liquid in any direction proceeds as far in its original rotation as the impetus given to it by its prime mover.

[IV] come ilchorpo dellanjmale (s) alchōtinuo | more erinasscie –

Jl chorpo dj qualunche chosa laqual sinutrjcha alchon|tinuo muore e al chontinuo rinasscie perche entrare | nonpuo nutrimēto sēnon inquellj lochi doue ilpassato | nutrimēto esspirato · esselli he spirato ellj piu nō nu | (trisscie e) vita essectu nō li rendj nutrimēto equa|le al nutrimēto partito · allora laujta mancha djsu|a valitudjne essettullj leuj esso nutrimento laujta intuc|to ressta desstructa Massettu nerēdj tanto quanto se | ne desstruggie alla giornata allora tanto rinasscie dj | ujta quanto sene chonsuma assimjlitudjne dellume | facto dalla chandela chol nutrimēto datolj dallomore | dessa chandela il quale lume anchora luj alchon|tunuo chonvelocissimo (vita ren) ^sochorso^ restaura (il) dj socto | quāto djsopra sene chonsuma morendo e dj splendi|da lucie sichonverte morēdo intenebro<so> fumo laqual | morte e chontinua sichome chōtinuo esso fumo ella cō|tinuita · dj tal fumo e equale alchōtinuato nutrimēto | einjsta<n>te tutto illume e morto ettutto rigienerato insie|me chol moto delnutrimento suo [: – :] ella sua vita anchora lej ricieue ilflusso erre|flusso chome ci mosstra lauentilatione della | sua cime e ilmedesimo achade nelli chor|pi delli animali (ne) medjante il battimēto del | chore che gienera (iln) londa delsanghue per | tutte leuene le quali alchontinuo sidjla|tano econstringhano ella djlatatione enel | ricievere ilsuperchio sanghue ella djmjnuitio|ne e nellassciare (lasuperflujta) soprabondā|tia delricievuto sanghue (co) ecquessto cin|segnja il battimento del polso quando col|le djta sitocha le predecte vene in qualunche | locho del chorpo viuo Ma perritornare al | nosstro intēto djcho chella carne dellj anjmalj | e rifatta dal sanghue che alcōtinuo sigienera del | lor nutrimēto E che essa carne sidjsfa eritor|na perle (vene mjs en) arterie mjseraice e | sirende alle intesstine dove (e) siputrefa (dj) dj | putrida effetēte morte chome cimostrā nel|le loro esspulsionj e chaliggine come fa ilfumo effocha dato per cōperatione

[IV] How the body of an animal continually dies and is reborn

The body of anything which is nourished continually dies and is continually reborn, for nourishment cannot enter except into those places where past nourishment has been exhausted, and if it has been exhausted it no longer (nourishes) or has life. Unless, therefore, you supply nourishment equal to the nourishment that has departed, life loses its vigour, and if you take away nourishment life is totally destroyed. But if you supply just as much nourishment as is destroyed daily, then as much life is reborn as is consumed – just as the light of a candle is made from the nourishment from the humour given it by the candle. And this light also is itself continually restored with swiftest succour from below by as much as is consumed above in dying; and in dying it is changed from bright light to dark smoke. And this death continues as long as the smoke continues; and its continuity is equal to the continuity of nourishment. And at any instant the whole light is dead and completely regenerated together with the movement of its nourishment. Its life, furthermore, receives from it flux and reflux as the to and fro movement of its tip shows us. And the same thing happens in the bodies of animals by means of the beating of the heart which generates a wave of blood through all the vessels which continually dilate and contract. And dilatation occurs on the reception of superabundant blood and diminution occurs on the departure of the superabundance of the blood received. This the beating of the pulse teaches us when we touch the aforesaid vessels with our fingers in any part of the living body. But to return to our intention. I say that the flesh of animals is being continually re-made from the blood which is continually generated from their nourishment. And that this flesh is unmade, and returns through the mesenteric arteries and is supplied to the intestines where it becomes putrified into putrid and foetid death, as their expulsions and steams show us, like the smoke and fire given for comparison.

19049v (B 32 v). Pen and brown ink (two shades) over traces of black chalk.

[I] del uechio

Maffa questa djmosstratio|ne per tre djue  <  r  >  si asspetti cioe | djnanti dallato e djrieto

[I] Of the old man

But make this demonstration from three different aspects, that is from the front, side, and back.

[Fig.] a b c m n o s

[Fig.] a b c m n o s

[II] settu serri le 4 vene m da ognj | lato douesse sono nella gola quello | achielle son serrate subito chade|ra in terra dormjente e quasi | morto e maj perse sidesstera esse | luj e llassciato vn centesimo | dora intal djsspositione maj | piu sidesstera neperse neperaltruj | aiuto –

[II] If you close the four vessels m on each side where they are in the throat, he who has them closed will fall to the ground immediately in sleep [coma] as if dead and he will never wake up on his own. And if he is left for one-hundredth of an hour in such a condition he will never wake again, neither on his own nor with the help of others.

[III] a sono ramjfichationj | darteria –

b ella ramjfichatione | delle uene –

c ella vena cefalicha

n sono due uene che en|trano nellisspondjli de|l collo anotrirli –

o ella uena basilicha

s sō le uene p^o^pletiche

[III] a are the ramifications of the artery

b is the ramification of the veins

c is the cephalic vein

n are the two vessels which enter the cervical vertebrae to nourish them

o is the basilic vein

s are the apoplectic vessels

19050r (B 33 r). Pen and brown ink (two shades) over traces of black chalk. 193  ×  133 mm.

[I] arterie deluechio

[I] Artery of the old man

[Fig.]

[Fig.]

[II] vena (chili) dellarteria

[II] Vessel of the artery

19051r (B 34 r). Pen and brown ink over traces of black chalk. 191  ×  135 mm.

[I] deluechio

[I] Of the old man

[Fig. I]

[Fig. I]

[II] deluechio

[II] Of the old man

[Fig. 2] a b

[Fig. 2] a b

[III] neruo djscēdēte alla cassa delcore | in mezo allarteria euena –

[III] Nerve descending to the capsule of the heart between the artery and the vein.

[IV] a ella vena

b ellarteria

[IV] a is the vein

b is the artery

[V] nota selle piu grossa larteria | chella vena olla vena chellarte|ria eilsimjne [sic: simile] fa ne fancullj | govanj e vechi e massci effe|mjne eanj mali dj terra eda|ria e dacqua –

[V] Note whether the artery is bigger than the vein, or the vein that the artery; and do the same in children, young and old, both male and female, and animals of the earth, air and water.

19062 v (C I 3 v). Pen and brown ink

[Fig.] a b c d e

[Fig.] a b c d e

[I] Del uētriculo desstro

auendo il desstro ventriculo inferiore piu a rendere del sangue preso che rrite|nerne e ordjnato le tre sue porte le qualj si serrā dj dentro infi [sic: infino] che esse non siserrī | mai cō perfetto serramēto sennō quādo iluentriculo nel suo ristrignersi (non a) | sitrova auere riseruato quella quātita dj sangue che llui vol ritenere e al|lora essendo interamē [sic: interamente] serrate esse tre porte allora le pariete siserāno ^c^on tā|ta potentia intorno alrimanēte del fugito sangue chelli e fforza che grā parte dj | quello sifugha desso vētrichulo e penjtri per li meati del parie(de)te dj mezo eppe|njtri nel sinistro ventrichulo ilquale assottigliato nella penetratione dellj | stretti meati siconverte (quasi) in jsspiriti vitali lassciando ongnj grosseza | inesso desstro vētriculo laqual grosseza –

[I] On the right ventricle

The right ventricle, having to give back more of the blood taken in than it retains, has its three doors [tricuspid valve-cusps] which are closed from within so arranged that they never shut with perfect closure until and unless the ventricle in its contraction is found to have retained that quantity of blood which it needs to retain. Then these three gates [cusps] being completely closed, the walls [of the right ventricle] close with such power round the remainder of the escaped blood with such a force as to make a great part of it issue from this ventricle and penetrate through the meati [pores] of the middle wall [interventricular septum] and so penetrate into the left ventricle. This [blood] subtilised by penetrating through the narrow meati is converted into vital spirits leaving all gross material in the right ventricle, which coarse material …

[II] della grosse(za) vissciiosita dj sangue | ce siragva nel desstro vētriculo ·

Jl sangue del destro ventriculo cherimane della sottiglieza del sangue che | penetra nel uentriculo (desstro) sinjsstro e viscio | e cqualc  <  h  >  e parte se ne cō|pone immjnute fila assimjlitudine del uermo deluētriculo dj mezzo alcer|vello e cqueste tali fili simultiplicano ^a modo di grossa e corta stoppa^ e allungho andare (in modo) e ssavi|luppano intorno alle corde de pa$jculi chesserano il uentriculo desstro | in modo che nella vechieza delli anjmalj la porta (e) nosipo bē serrare | e grā parte del sangue che dovea penetrare le strette porosita del pariete | di mezo nelsinjstro vētriculo alla creatiō depredetti spiriti sifugge per le | porte nō ben serrate (e) nel destro ventriculo superiore e per questo allj | vechi mācano tutti li spiritj esspesso (p) moiano parlando –

[II] On the gross viscosity of the blood which collects in the right ventricle

The blood in the right ventricle which remains behind after the subtilised blood penetrates into the left ventricle is viscous and a certain part of it is composed into minute fibres [fibrin threads] like the worm of the middle ventricle of the brain [the choroid plexus in the third ventricle]. And these fibres multiply like thick short tow and lengthen and wrap themselves around the cords of the membranes [chordae tendineae of the valve-cusps] which close the right ventricle [tricuspid valve] in such a way that with the ageing of the animal the orifice [of the valve] cannot close well and a large part of the blood which ought to penetrate the narrow porosities of the middle wall into the left ventricle for the creation of the above-mentioned spirits, escapes through the imperfectly closed valve orifice into the right upper ventricle [right atrium]. For this reason all the spirits are insufficient in the aged and they often die whilst speaking.

[III] dellufitio dello inferiore e ssuperiore | ventriculo desstro –

Lufitio del(su)llo inferiore essuperiore ventriculo desstro loinferiore | da in djposito il sangue al superiore ilquale proibiva illuj ilrisstringnersi e nō si potrebbe maj poi djlatarsi senō riauessi ilsangue che prima | rienpiena la sua capacita dal uentriculo superiore Il quale e atto a ristrī|gnersi perche non po auere aria chello riēpiessi ∂ e llaria © che sochorre il | ilocho che ochupaua il uentriculo superiore quando tenea indjposito il sā|gue del ristretto ventriculo inferiore corre a reienpiere illoco del | vētriculo superiore quādo sirisstrigne ed e dj quella della cassula del | core e essa casssula dando della sua aria allocho lassiato dal ri|strignere desso superiore vētriculo: e restaurata dal tirare per la | trachea piu aria nel polmone che non era ilsuo solito e per ques|sto senpre laria chessitira nelpolmone nō po essere equale –

[III] On the function of the lower and upper right ventricle

The function of the lower and upper right ventricle. The lower one gives a deposit of the blood which prevented it contracting to the upper one, and afterwards it would never be able to dilate unless it got back from the upper ventricle the blood which first filled its capacity. This [upper ventricle] is ready to contract because it cannot get air to fill it. Air which takes the place occupied by the upper ventricle when it holds the blood deposited in it by the contraction of the lower ventricle, flows in to replace the upper ventricle when it contracts, and it comes from that in the capsule of the heart [pericardium]; and this capsule having given away its air to the place left by the contraction of the upper ventricle is restored by drawing more air into the lung through the trachea than usual; therefore the air drawn into the lung cannot always be equal.

[IV] perche laria chessi tira nel polmone | no po senpre essere dequale mjsura

[IV] Why the air which is drawn into thelung cannot always be of equal measure

19062 r (C 13 r). Pen and brown ink 288  ×  215 mm.

[Fig.]

[Fig.]

[I] delli vētrichuli del core

[I] On the ventricles of the heart

Il core a quattro ventrichuli coe due (desstri e due sinjstri e) inferi|ori e (due superiori) nellasustātia del core e due superiorj for della susā|tia (superiore) del core e dj questi ne due desstrj e due sinjsstrj ellj | destri son assai magiori delli sinjsstri ellj superiori son separati da certi | vscioli (over porte del core) dalli ventriculi inferiori elli ventriculi | inferiori sono separatj da vn pariete poroso per il quale penetra ilsan|gue del uētriculo destro neluētriculo sinjsstro e quādo esso destro vē|triculo (si) inferiore si serra elsinjstro inferiore sapre ettira asse | ilsāgue che il destro gli (prieme in corpo) ^porge^ //.

The heart has four ventricles, that is two lower in the substance of the heart and two upper [atria] outside the substance of the heart, and of these two are on the right and two on the left. The upper ones [atria] are separated by certain little doors (or gateways of the heart) from the lower ventricles. And the lower ventricles are separated by a porous wall through which the blood of the right ventricle penetrates into the left ventricle; and when the right lower ventricle shuts, the left lower one opens and draws into itself the blood which the right offers it.

elli ventriculi superiori | alcontinuo fanno frusso e refrusso colsangue che alcontinuo e ti|rato o sospinto (dal uno allaltr dallj) ^per lj^ vētriculi inferiori dallj superiori | e perche essi vētriculi superiori (nōte) son piu atti (ac) acaciare dj se il sā|que [sic: sangue] chelli djlata che attirarlo asse natura affatto che per il serrare | delli vētriculi inferiori (li qualj per se medesimo si serrano) che il sangue | che dj loro sifugge sia quello che djlata li uentriculi superiori li qua|li per essere lor conposti dj muscoli e pannjculo carnoso sono attj | a djlatarsi ericeuere quanto sangue illoro e sospinto od etiā attj | cō potēti musculi (atti) a ristrignersi con@peto e cacciare il sangue dj | se neljuētriculi inferiori delli quali quādo lū sapre ellaltro siserra | e il simjle fanno liuētriculi superiori in modo tale che qūdo [sic: quando] il uētri|culo destro inferiore si djlata ilsinjsstro superiore sicōstrigne e cquan|do il sinisstro ventriculo ^inferiore^ sapre ildestro superiore siserra e cosi con tale | frusso e refrusso fatto con gra celerita il sangue siriscalda essi assittigli|a effassi dj tanta caldeza chesse nō fussil sochorso dal matece (che) detto pol|mone il quale (prieme) tira laria (nel) fressca nel suo djlatarsi ella | priene [sic: prieme] e ttocha leueste delle ramjficatione delle vene elle rinfressca | esso sangue verrebbe intanta caldeza che soffocerebbe ilcore ello pri|verebbe dj ujta –

The upper ventricles [atria] continually make a flux and reflux of blood which is continually pulled or pushed through the lower ventricles from the upper. And since the upper ventricles [atria] are more suited for driving out of themselves the blood which dilates them than pulling it into themselves, Nature has so made it that by the closure of the lower ventricles (which close on their own) the blood which escapes from them is that which dilates the upper ventricles. These through being composed of muscles and fleshy membranes are suitable for dilation and for receiving as much blood as is pushed into them: they are also suited by their powerful muscles for contracting with impetus and driving out of themselves the blood into the lower ventricles, of which when one opens the other closes. And the upper ventricles [atria] do the same thing in such a way that when the right lower ventricle dilates the left upper ventricle contracts, and when the left lower ventricle opens, the right upper one closes. And so by flux and reflux made with great rapidity the blood is heated and subtilised and is made so hot that but for the help of the bellow called lungs, which draw in fresh air by dilating and pressing it into contact with the coats of the ramifications of the vessels refreshing them, the blood would become so hot that it would suffocate the heart and deprive it of life.

Rissposta dellauersario contro al numero delli vētricu|li dicēdo quelli essere 2 e nō 4 perche (so) essi son continuati e vnj|ti insieme li 2 desstri inse effassene £ medesimo e ssimjlmēte fa il sinj|stro ∂ quj si risponde che sse li desstri e sinjstri ventriculi sono u sol | destro vn sol sinjstro ventriculo egli e (ue) necessario che in u medesi|mo tēpo essi faccino vn medesimo vfitio e nō ^nellato destro^ vfiti cōtrari come si ma|njfesta nellor frusso e refrusso e ancora selle u medesimo e nō uacha|de li usscioli neruosi chelli si(se)perino lū dallaltro esselle vnmedesi|mo e non achade che quādo vna parte sapre laltra si serra (inper) e anco|ra e provata nella essentia delli (corpi) ^menbri^ che vn medesimo mēbro e detto | quello che in medesimo tenpo fa vnmedesimo vfitio come il corpo del mā|tace o della piua ilquale (pare) ancor che paia vn medesimo colcorpo vma|no quādo essa e confiata dalluj e none pero che sieno vnjti ne faccino in un | medesimo tempo il medesimo vfitio inperoche quādo il polmō dellomo siuo|ta della sua aria il sacho della piua nel medesimo tēpo senpie della me|desima aria adūque e cōcluso li uentriculi superiori del core esser ua|ri inellj loro vfiti e nelle loro sustantie e nello loro natura da cq|quelli dj sotto edessere djuisi da cartilagine e varie sustantie interpossta | infra luno e llaltro coe il paniculo neruoso e lamolta pinguedine –

Reply to the adversary against the number of ventricles saying that they are two not four because they are continuous and united together, the two right by themselves making the same one, and the left doing likewise. Here one replies that if the right and left ventricles are one single right and one single left ventricle only, it is necessary that during one and the same time they should perform one and the same function, and not opposite functions on the right side as is manifested by their flux and reflux. Furthermore, if it is one and the same, there is no need for the membranous doors [valves] which separate one from the other; and if it is one and the same [ventricle] there is no need for one part to open when the other closes. This is further proved by the essential nature of a part of the body in that one and the same part is called that which at the same time performs one and the same function. Just as the body of a bellows or the bagpipes which may appear to be one and the same with the human body when it is inflated by it, but is not united with it, nor does it perform at the same time the same function; for when the man’s lungs are emptied of air the bag of the bagpipes at the same time is filled with the same air. Therefore it is concluded that the upper ventricles of the heart [atria] are different in their functions, in their substance, and in their nature from those below, and that they are separated by gristle and various substances interposed between one and the other, that is sinewy membrane and much fat.

Li uētrichuli superiorj del core nō sidjlatā dasse ma sō dilatati da altri malla | cosst  <  r  >  itione (e generata dalli loro mussculi) e generata da se medjante li muscolj | dj che esso per djuerse (inc) ^obbliquita e^ concatenatione o tessuto sanza alcuna carnosita in|fra lora intermjsa (e poson) essō tali musscoli sanza alcū ujli accioche sieno attj | a stēdersi in lūgeza (a vso dj ujscio) secondo che richiede la soprabondanza del sangue | che alcuna volta achade ell panjculo esteriore che ueste tali musscoli e pelliculoso carnoso | e molto djlatabile –

The upper ventricles of the heart [atria] do not dilate by themselves, but they are dilated by the other ventricles. However, their contraction is generated by themselves by means of their muscles. These through their different obliquities, interlacing or interweaving, without any fleshiness intervening between them, are muscles without threads so that they are suitable for stretching lengthwise in accordance with the demands of the superabundance of blood, which sometimes occurs. And the exterior membrane that coats these muscles is membranous, fleshy and very dilatable.

[II] se ttu djrai quessti 4 ventriculi e|ser 2 perche ognj binario mette | lū nelaltro jo djro che ttutte le | vene (elle) sien una medesima per|che lunamette nelaltra e cosi le | intestine perche me son djuisi da usciolj | che quesste –

[II] If you say that these four ventricles are two because each pair leads from one into the other, I will say that all the veins are one and the same because one leads into the other, and likewise the intestines because they are divided up by little doors likewise.

[III] se ttu djche | li 2 ventriculj | superiori e inferi  <  o  >  |re sieno vn mede|simo (per) ancor co sol | tali ussciolj posti ne|lle lor parietj siē se|parati io djro ancora | chella camera ella | (piaza) sala sia vna mede|sima per | eser so|l sepera|te da |vna | porta|pol^a^

[III] If you say that the two upper and lower ventricles are one and the same, although they are separated only by one such little door placed in their walls, I will further say that the chamber and the hall are one and the same because they are separated only by a small doorway.

[IV] prova come li uētriculj superiori | nō sono vnmedesimo ventriculo | colli ventriculi inferiori –

non po stare  <  i  >  numedesimo tē|po  <  i  >  nu medesimo subbietto due | moti contrari coe pentimēto | e volonta  ·  adunque se lj uen|triculj destro superiore e infe|riore sono vn medesimo ellj | e necessario che inmedesimo | tenpo tutto fachia vn medesi|mo effecto e nō due effettj | nati da intētione rettamēte | cōtraria come far si uede | al ue$triculo desstro (col s) su|periore collo inferiore inpero|che cquādo lo inferiore si ri|strigne il superiore si djlata | a ssincorpora il sangue (da lluj | scacca) che da esso ventricu|lo inferiore fu scaccato e | simjlmēte fa iluentriculo | superiore quando refrette il | sangue (ricievuto che) a chi | conquello lopercosse aiutando | ilnatural refresso col suo | risstrignjmēto quella qual|cosa il moto si fa piu velo|ce nel refrusso del sāgue | nelritornare nel uētricu|lo del core donde (f) prima | fu sospinto –

[IV] Prove how the upper ventricles are not one and the same ventricle with the lower ventricle

At one and the same time in one and the same cause two contrary movements cannot exist, that is repentance and desire. Therefore if the right upper and lower ventricles are one and the same it is necessary that at the same time the whole should produce one and the same effect and not two effects arising from directly contrary tendencies as one sees produced by the right upper ventricle with the lower, since when the lower one contracts the upper one dilates and incorporates the blood which has been driven out of the lower ventricle. And the upper ventricle does likewise when it reflects the blood back to that ventricle from which it was percussed, helping the natural reflection with its contraction. This movement of the reflection of the blood is made somewhat more swiftly in its return into the ventricle of the heart from which it was first pushed out.

E ilmedesimo balzo fa nel | ricadere delcore creato da|linpeto delmoto che percote | il fondo dello inferiore vē|triculo donde nel tenpo che | ess  <  o  >  risalta daesso fondo il | core sirestrigne e avmēta | il moto che fa ilsangue alla|ltra percusjone delcoperchio | delsuperiore uētriculo E ss|e tu djrai che magior percussio|ne sia quella che da il sangue | che djscēde alfondo dello inferior | vētrichulo che cquel che percote | ilcoperchio deluētriculo superio|re perche lū moto e naturale ellal|tro no qui sirisponde che ljqujdo | nelliqujdo non pesa [:–:] se non quan|te la per|cussio|ne che | lui ge|nera

And the same rebound is made in the falling back of the heart created by the impetus of the movement which percusses the bottom of the lower ventricle from which, during the time that it leaps back from this base the lower ventricle is greater than that which percussed the cover of the upper ventricle because the one movement is natural and the other is not, here one replies that liquid is weightless in liquid [:–:] except by the amount which percussion generates.

[V] volta | carta

[V] Turn the page.

19063 v (C I 4 v). Pen and brown ink 29  ×  212 mm.

[I] del core

Sella natura potea fare magore il desstro vētriculo | (e ll) ellassciare il suo ventriculo superiore ō no

Nesuna cosa e superchia e nessuna cosa mā [sic: manca] acqualūche spetie danimali e prodotto dalla | natura sell difetto nō ujene dal mezo chō che essa produce //

adunque seguita che il de|stro ventriculo superiore fu neciessario per il frusso e refrusso del sangue ilquale medj|atte [sic: medjante] ^laiuto di^ tal uentriculo sigenera  ·  per ilquale (moto il) ^frusso e refrusso del^ sangue e per linpetuoso (mov) movi|mē [sic: movimento] dallū vētriculo nellaltro delli quali quādo lun vētriculo lo chaccia laltro | lo riceve e cquel chella ricevuto lo rjsspinge ^(di djscorrere)^ inquel che prima (glielo dette) ^lo scacca^ e cossi tra giu | e ssu sucessiuamēte (rantandosi) ^ragirādosi^ mai non resta (dj ragirarsi) ^di scorrere^ per la cauernose cellule inte|rposte infralli muscoli che ristringhano esso superior vētriculo (e cquesto e lla cau) ella | revolitione che ffa il sangue in se medesimo ragirādosi cō djuerse revertigini ella con|fregatione che esso fa per le pariete e percussionj in esse cellule sō causa dj risscalda|re essosso sangue effarlo (sott) di grosso e viscioso sottile e penetratiuo e atto | a scorrere dal destro alsinjstro vētriculo per le istrette porosita del pariete interpo|sto infra esso desstro e sinjstro ventriculo inferiore E cquesto nō poteua acca|dere se nellato destro era vn sol ventriculo concosia che quādo lui sifussi restretto | e nō potea ristrignersi senō vna picola quatita di spatio ilquale era simile | al sangue che di lui fussi fugito neluentriculo destro e altrettanto si sarebbe ri|aperto e conaltrettanto sangue tirato del fegato restaurava lariacquistata sua | capacita e cosi non acadeua frusso e refrusso dj sangue perche tanta daua dj se | sangue al destro ventriculo quentera [sic: quant era] quello che esso riceuea dal fegato ettal | moto di sangue (era era a) faceua assimjlitudine (dun fiume che entra e essca | per vn lagho il quale tanto) dun lagho per ilquale passa vnfiume chettāto acqu|sta [sic: acquista] dacqua da ullato quāto esso neperde dallaltro ma sol siuaria chel moto del | sāgue e djsscontinuo e cque del fiume che passa per ilagho e continuo e per questo | tal mācameto dj frusso e refrusso esso sangue nō si riscalderebbe e per coseguēti|a [sic: consequentia] li spiriti vitali nō sipotrebō gnenerare e per questo la ujta sarebbe distrutta.

[I] On the heart

Whether Nature could make the right ventricle larger and leave out its upper ventricle or not

Nothing is superfluous and nothing is lacking in any species of animals or product of Nature, unless the defect comes from the means by which she produces it.

Therefore it follows that the upper right ventricle was necessary for the flux and reflux of the blood which is generated through the help of this ventricle. Through this flux and reflux of the blood, and through the impetus of its movement from one ventricle to the other, when one ventricle drives it out the other receives it, and that which has received it repels it back into that which first drove it out; and so between revolving up and down successively it never ceases to flow through the cavernous recesses interposed between the muscles [pectinate] which contract the upper ventricles. And the revolvings made by the blood whirling round in itself in different eddies, and the friction that it makes with the walls, and the percussions in the recesses, are the cause of the heating of the blood, and of making the thick viscous blood fine and penetrating and suitable for flowing from the right to the left ventricle through the narrow pores of the wall interposed between the right and left lower ventricles. And this could not happen if there were only one single ventricle on the right side, for when it had narrowed itself down it would not be able to contract except by a small quantity of space equal to that of the blood which had escaped from it into the right [sic: left] ventricle; and it would open again by as much [space] as that of the blood drawn from the liver to restore its re-acquired capacity. And thus flux and reflux of blood would not occur because as much blood is given to the right ventricle as it has received from the liver. And such movement of the blood would behave like a lake through which flows a river which acquires as much water from one side as it loses from the other. However, the only difference is that the movement of the blood is discontinuous and that of the river flowing through the lake continuous, and from this lack of flux and reflux the blood would not be heated and consequently the vital spirits could not be generated and for this reason life would be destroyed.

∂ ancora seguita che nel fugire del sangue che ffa (il) dallo inferiore al superi|ore vētriculo insin chelle sua (v) porte sipossō congungnere alla lor perfetta | serratura egli ve interuallo dj tenpo (ne) ilquale agunto col tēpo nelquale | sifa lasspulsione delsangue dal desstro al sinjsstro vētriculo (acre) e col tenpo | ilquale sa (g)crescie nel refrusso cheffa iluentriculo superiore (san) salungha | tanto iltenpo chella parte inferiore del fegato po rendere tanto dj sangue alla | sua (su) parte superiore quāto fu quella che prima daesso desstro ventricu|lo gli fu leuata e cosi e provata la utiljta doppia di tale superiore vētri|culo coe dj riscaldare ilsangue per il frusso erefrusso e per dare tenpo alfega|to (di) e alle vene mjserajce di creare e dj rendere all parte gibbosa del core | quella parte delsangue che esso desstro ventriculo li tolse –

Furthermore it follows that in the escape of blood from the lower to the upper ventricle which goes on until its valves can join together to make a perfect closure, there is an interval of time. When this interval is added to the time in which the expulsion of the blood from right to left ventricle takes place, and to the time which is increased in its reflux by the superior ventricle, this prolongs the time so much that the lower part of the liver can give to its upper part as much blood as that which was first taken from it by the right ventricle. And so the double utility of the right upper ventricle is proved, that is to heat the blood by flux and reflux, and to give time for the liver and mesenteric [portal] veins to create and to give back to the gibbous part of the heart [atrium] that part of the blood which the right ventricle took from it.

[II] come al desstro ventriculo nō fu agunto il superi|ore ventriculo perche riceussi il soprabōdante sāgue

Non si piglia superchio sanghue dal desstro ventriculo perche lui ecquello chel tira | e nō tira senō laquātita dj che luj e capace et(L)^t^a [sic: ttale] quale quātita illui entra quale | la quātita dello spatio dalluj generato nella sua djlatatione // e in tal tenpo iluen|triculo superiore e priuato dj sangue inperoche seilluj ne fussi piu facile era a esso | ventriculo inferiore tirar prima delsangue desso superiore de [sic: che] della parte gibbo|sa del fegato per le istrette ramjficatiō delle vene cappillare : e ancora per necessi|ta tira prima ilsangue del uentriculo superiore che delfeghato perche esso sangue su|periore e vnjto e cōtinuato cō grāde spatio chō esso sangue inferiore ettāto mācha la ca|pacita attal ventrichulo superiore quanto ella quantita delsāgue che dj luj essce | cadendo neluentriculo inferiore perche tal uentriculo sirisera djrieto al sā|gue da lluj premuto medjante lisua musscoli –

[II] How the [upper] ventricle was not added to the right [lower] ventricle in order to receive the superabundant blood

Superfluous blood is not taken up by the right ventricle because it is that which draws it in, and it does not draw it in unless it has the capacity for its quantity; and that quantity enters it which is the quantity of space [volume] generated by it in its dilation [diastole]. And in that time the upper ventricle [atrium] is deprived of blood because any blood that might be in it would be drawn more easily first into the lower ventricle from the upper than from the gibbous part of the liver through the narrow ramifications of its capillary veins; and furthermore it necessarily first draws blood from the upper ventricle rather than from the liver because this upper blood [in the atrium] is united and continuous with the lower blood [in the ventricle] over a large area. And the capacity of the upper ventricle [atrium] diminishes by the same amount as the quantity of blood which issues from it and falls down into the lower ventricle because this [upper] ventricle contracts behind the blood which is pushed out by means of its muscles.

[III] come il core sol (si restrigne) ^salargha^nella morte dellomo | sanza mutatiō dj sito nella sua basa –

Allarghasi e racortasi il core nella morte dellomo perche li muscolj sua tras|versalj sidjstēdano elli lōgitudjnali siattraghano e cosi sol la parte in|feriore sinalza e nō la superiore –

[III] How the heart widens only at the death of a man without changing its position at its base

The heart widens and shortens at the death of man because its transverse muscles extend and its longitudinal muscles are drawn up and thus only the lower part is raised and not the upper.

[IV] deldjaframa incurvato selle naturale ō no sel djaframma nō fussi incurvato inmodo che nella sua parte concava pote|ssi riceuere lo stomaco e llaltre intestine esso nopotrebbe poi ritirarsi e djstē|dersi e per forza priemere le intestine e caciare ilcibo dello stomaco aesse intestine [:–:] seguita quel c  <  h  >  e māca dj sotto | e non potrebbe aiutare alli m|uscoli delcorpo serrare e | priemere leintesstine alla | esspulsione delle incluso su|perfruita e nō potrebbe | nelsuo djstēdersi cressce|re losspatio doue sta il pol|mone e costrignerlo alla su|a djlatatione laquale effata | perche porssa [sic: possa] attrarre asse | laria cō che si rinfres|chi le uene che il core infō|de in lui –

[IV] On the curved diaphragm, whether it is natural or not

If the diaphragm were not curved in such a way that it could receive the stomach and other intestines into its concavity it would not then be able to retract and expand, and with force press the intestines and drive the food from the stomach into the intestines [:–:] Here follows what is lacking, below. And it would not be able to help the muscles of the body to squeeze and press on the intestines for the expulsion of their enclosed superfluities, and it would not by being stretched be able to increase the space where the lung is situated and compel its dilatation, which is made in order that is should draw air into itself, with which the veins which the heart distributes to it are refreshed.

[V] fa vn djcorso della re|prēsione che sirichie|de alli scolari inpe|djtori delle notomje | e abreviatori dj | quelle –

[V] Make a discourse on the censure required by students who hinder anatomy, and abbreviators thereof.

[VI] nō sipo piglare superchio | sangue dal destro vētri|culo perche lui e cquel che | tira e nō la | quātita dj che lui e capa|ce la qual quātita il|lui entra quale la | quātita ^de lo spatio^ da lui gene|rata nellasua djla|tatione

[VI] Superfluous blood cannot be taken up by the right ventricle because this is the one which draws it in, and it draws in only the quantity for which it has the capacity which quantity enters it; and this is the quantity of space produced by it in its dilatation.

19063 r (C I 4 r). Pen and brown ink 29  ×  212 mm.

[I] del core

sel uentrichulo desstro inferiore nelsuo riaprirsi | tira asse (il) tutto il sangue deluētriculo destro superiore ō no

Tutto ilsangue che dette in djposito il uētriculo destro inferiore alsuo destro ventriculo superiore | ^quando si strinse^ li e rēduto da esso superiore quādo lonferiore (sall) sidjlata collaiuto demuscoli sua (tr) lon^gi^tudj|nali e collaiuto demuscoli trasuersali e obbliqui desso ventriculo superiore ^che lo restringano e priemano | il sā|gue^ //

E lla vena del | chilo intal tēpo nō li (rēde) porge delsuo sangue ^perche si darebbe vacuo^ neetiā il polmone che alla sua vena che se|rra liusscoli intal tēpo dj fori in dentro īuerso la basa del core ne gliene da il fegato perche biso|gnerebbe chessa traessi ma sol gliene da il uētriculo superiore ilquali sta djritta mente aperto sopra | la bocha deso inferiore e glelo prieme incorpo colsuo restringnersi Ma perche il core nelsu|o restrignere integralmente lisua vsscioli quando lui sallugho e preme il sangue chellj lj res|stava nel sinjstro ventriculo per li stretti meati esso (core) ^vētriculo des tro^ none integralmēte rienpiuto co|me era ināzi che si serrasi (e elli) e li musscolj longitudjnali rifanno il medesimo vfitio che | far soleano nel riaprire ^(nel riaprire il loro) ^ dellor vētriculo inferiore e perche si darebbe vacuo (fe) ilquale e @|posibile (natura) necessita tira delsangue del fegato per tanta (quātita) quāto fu quella | che fu sospīta dal desstro nelsinistro ventrichulo (E ssenpre non tira vna mede) –

[I] On the heart

Whether the right lower ventricle in its reopening draws in all the blood of the upper right ventrical [atrium] or not

All the blood which the right lower ventricle gave in deposit to its right upper ventricle when it contracted is returned by the upper one when the lower one dilates with the aid of its longitudinal muscles. And this is assisted by the transverse and oblique muscles of the upper ventricle which contract it and press out the blood.

And the vena cava during this time does not put any of its blood into it [the lower ventricle] because it would give rise to a vacuum; neither does the lung which has its own vessel [pulmonary artery] the little doors of which [cusps of the pulmonary valves] during that time close from without inwards towards the base of the heart; nor does the liver give any [blood] to it because it would have to be drawn from it; indeed only the upper ventricle gives it any [blood]. This opens directly above the mouth of the lower [ventricle] and presses it [the blood] into its body by its contraction. But because of the heart’s complete contraction of its little doors [valves] when it lengthens and presses the blood remaining in it into the left ventricle through the narrow pores, the right ventricle is not completely refilled as it was before it closed; and the longitudinal muscles again perform the same function as usual in the reopening of their lower ventricle. And since a vacuum would be created, which is impossible, of necessity as much blood is drawn from the liver as that which was pressed out of the right into the left ventricle.

[II] (comes) el destro ventriculo (nontira) inferiore nō tira  ·  | asse senpre vna medesima quātita di sangue del polmone

Quando siscōtra che in£ medesimo tenpo il polmone (si restringha) ^si dilata^ quādo il destro ventri|culo inferiore (si dilata s) ancora luj sidilata allora il polmone cresscie dentro alla dja|frama e strignie e prieme delsangue (che infralla) della vena del chilo che infra esso polmo|ne ella spina deldorso sirinchiude e dj questo tal sanghe (en i) entra in esso destro ventri|culo inferiore ettanto quanto essa vena versa intal ventriculo tanto mē senetira | della gibbosita del feghato –

[II] The right inferior ventricle does not always draw into itself one and the same quantity of blood from the lung

When it happens that at one and the same time the lung is dilated when the right lower ventricle also dilates then the lung is increased inside the diaphragm and it squeezes and presses blood out of the vena cava which is enclosed between the lung and the dorsal spine. Some of this blood enters the right lower ventricle [via the upper] and just as much blood as this vein pours into that ventricle so much the less is drawn from the gibbosity of the liver.

[III] come elli e inpossibile che resti delsangue nel uētri|culo desstro superiore quādo ilsuo vētriculo īferior sapre

(Trovo essere) inpossible ^he^ che alcuna parte dj sangue rimāgha nel destro vētriculo superiore | quandu ilsuo ventriculo inferiore si djlata e cosi si prova Senpre la natura djcano ho|perare lisua effetti per piv facile via e brevita dj tenpo che s(o)^ia^ possibile adunque esendo nel | tenpo della djlatatione delo inferiore ventriculo a(b)pertj li uscioli (che rite) chessi facēa basa | e sostegno delsangue (de) riseruato dasuo superior vētriculo egli e necessario che (il core) tal ven|triculo inferiore si riēpia prima delsangue chelli e incontatto che dj quel che gli e remoto stādo | rīchiuso nel feghato ed e necesario che esso si riēpia piu presto dj quel sangue che esso su|periore ventriculo per largho transito li prieme e sospigne incorpo che daltro sangue remoto ilqua|le sabbia a esstrare e sucia(s)re per fora dellele vene capilla^r^(l)e (poste) ^infuse^ nella gibosita delfegato | Essettu djrai chettali ventriculi superiori siē solo (s) generati per ritenere il sangue superfluo | ilquale alcuna volta sigenera in questa parte tisara risposto (tu auere po) essere inpossi|bile perche se cosi fussi il core riēpierebbe ilsuo desstro vētriculo dj quel sangue che glie piu | comodo ilquale come detto siriserua nelsuo superiore ventriculo ec quādo esso inferiore vē|triculo fussi pieno del sangue che gli e dato e premuto dj sopra il core nō potrebbe piu tirare del | sangue della gibosita de fegato e cosi se molte volte continue acadessi tale effetto (lomo p) la vita | sarebbe desstrutta e sarebbe bē  ·  possibi [sic: possibile] che per poche battiture dj core si stribuisse qualche | parte dj superchio sāgue ilquale rimanesi inesso ventriculo superiore perche esso destro ventriculo | inferiore lo spignerebe nel uētriculo sinjstro īferiore e inquel tēpo (n) il fegato nō darebbe sā|gue al core –

[III] How it is impossible for some blood to remain in the right upper ventricle when the right lower ventricle is opened

It is impossible for any part of the blood to remain in the right upper ventricle when its lower ventricle dilates, and this is proved thus: Nature, they say, always works her effects in the easiest way and in the shortest time possible. Therefore, since in the time of dilating the lower ventricle the little doors [valve-cusps] which provide the supporting base to the blood kept in the upper ventricle are opened, it is necessary that this lower ventricle should be filled first with the blood which is in contact with it rather than that which is enclosed within the liver and is distant from it. And it is necessary that it should be filled more rapidly with that blood which the upper ventricle presses and impels into its body through a wide passage, than with other distant blood which would have to be extracted and sucked out of the capillary veins intermingled in the gibbosity of the liver. And if you say that these upper ventricles are generated solely for retaining superfluous blood which is sometimes generated in this part, you will get the reply that this is impossible, because if it were so the heart would fill its right ventricle with that blood which is most convenient to it which, as has been said, is kept in its upper ventricle. And when the lower ventricle is full of blood, given to it and pressed into it from above, the heart cannot draw more blood from the gibbosity of the liver. Thus if this event were to happen many times continuously life would be destroyed. It would be quite possible that through a few beats of the heart some part of the superfluous blood which is kept in the upper ventricle would be distributed, because the lower right ventricle would press it into the lower left ventricle, and during that time the liver would not give any blood to the heart.

[IV] se il (polmone) ^fegato^ siriscalda dasse o eriscaldato da altri

Il (polm) feghato non si per se medesimo risscaldare ma e riscaldato da altri coe dallarteria | che entra per lo porta desso feghato lanal [sic: laqual] gli da vita –

[IV] Whether the liver heats itself spontaneously or is heated by others

The liver cannot heat itself but is heated by others, that is by the artery which enters by the gateway of the liver [hepatic artery] which gives it life.

[V] sell piu caldo la (s destra o piu parte) ^il polmone c  <  h  >  el core^ o piu freda | chella sinjsstra

perche il calore del core e generato dal ueloce e continuo moto che ffa ilsangue (dal s) colla confrega|tiō fatta in se medesimo ^dalle sue re volutioni^ ed etia colla confregatione che esso ^(sangue)^ fa colle cellulose ^(celulosa)^ pariete del destro vētri|culo superiore (dele) nelequal senpre con@peto entra e esscie e cqueste tali confreghatione (dj) fatta dalla velo|cita del uiscioso sangue lo ua risscaldādo e assottigliādo effallo penetrativo per li sottilj meati e da (lj) vita | esspirito a ttutti li mēbri dove sjnfonde : Il che intervenre nō po al fegato il quale essanza moto e | riceue in se pichola quātita desso sangue riscaldato colquale lui sirisscalda e non po ritenere | esso fegato tanta caldeza quāto il core per essere di sustanti mendēsa c  <  h  >  elcore e mē denso del fegato ella milza | e meno chella milza e il polmone –

[V] Whether the lung is hotter or colder than the left heart

Because the heat of the heart is generated by the swift and continuous movement which the blood makes by its friction within itself through its eddyings, also by the friction which it makes with the pitted walls of the right upper ventricle into which it continually enters and escapes with impetus, these frictions made by the velocity of the viscous blood heat it, subtilise it, and make it penetrate through the fine meati [pores] giving life and spirit to all the organs into which is it infused. This cannot occur in the liver which is without movement and receives into itself a small quantity of the heated blood with which it is heated. And the liver cannot retain so much heat as the heart because it is of a less dense substance than the heart, and the spleen is less dense than the liver; and the lung is less dense than the spleen.

[VI] nō abreuiatori ma | obbliatori si de djre | a cquelli che abreviā | tali opere quali sō que|ste

[VI] Those who abbreviate such works as these should be called obliterators rather than abbreviators.

19065r (C I 6 r). Pen and brown ink. 29  ×  211 mm.

[I] natomja

seil core muta sito per la sua morte o nno

La mutatione del core per la sua morte e equale alla mutatione che esso fa nel|la esspulsione delsuo sangue ^e cqualche cosa meno^ Questo simanjfesta quādo si vede li porci in | toscana liqualj Passano ilcore alli porci conūo strumēto de(s)tto spillo cō ilqua|le sitrae iluī delle botti e cosi aroverscādo il porcho effermadolo bene li pas|sano ilato [sic: illato] destro insieme col core cōtale spillo e mettendolo indentro adjrittu|ra esse tale spillo passa ilcore quādo e allūghato ilcore nella sua espulsione | delsangue siracorta ettira laferita inalto insieme colla pūta dello spillo (esse) | e ttanto quāto elli alza la pūta dello spillo di dētro tanto abbassa ilmanico dello spi|lo djfora e poj quādo ilcore sidjstēde e spigne inbasso essa ferita allora la parte | djfori desso spillo famoto contrario alla parte djdentro che ssi move insieme col mo|to del core e cosi fa molte volte inmodo che alfine della vite [sic: vita] esso spillo essteriore ri|mane in mezo allj stremj doue erā liultimj moti contrari del core quādo era vi|vo e quādo ilcore si  <  a  >  interamēte freddo elli siritira vna mjnima parte e ssiracorta | per quāto era lospatio ochupato dalcaldo perche ilcaldo cresscie o dimjnuisce quelcorpo | dovegli entra o essce (Essia la figu) e cquesto o veduto piu volte e o osseruato | tali mjsure e llasciato stare tale strumēto nel core insin che tale anjmale essparato

[I] Anatomy

Whether the heart changes its position at death or not

The change of the heart through its death is equal to the change that it makes in the expulsion of its blood, and somewhat less. This is shown when they kill pigs in Tuscany where they pierce the hearts of the pigs with an instrument called a ‘spillo’ with which wine is drawn from casks. And so turning the pig on its back and fastening it down firmly they pierce its right side together with its heart with this ‘spillo’, pushing it straight inside. And if this ‘spillo’ pierces the heart when it is elongated, in its expulsion of blood the heart shortens and draws the wound upwards together with the point of the ‘spillo’; and as much as it raised the point of the ‘spillo’ inside so much it lowers the handle of the ‘spillo’ outside. And then when the heart is distended and pushes this wound downwards then the part of this ‘spillo’ outside makes a movement contrary to that of the part inside which moves together with the movement of the heart. And this it does many times in such a way that at the end of life the external part of the ‘spillo’ remains in the middle between the two extremes at which were the last contrary movements of the heart when it was alive. And when the heart becomes quite cold it retracts by a very small fraction and is shortened by as much space as was occupied by its heat, because heat increases a body which it enters and diminishes it when it leaves. And this I have seen many times; and I have observed such measurements, and I have let such an instrument remain in the heart until the animal was cut up.