Fig. 8.1
Diagnostic aortography in a patient with chronic mesenteric ischemia. Note that both the celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery origin is not opacified in anterolateral projection (a). The inferior mesenteric artery is patent and provides collateral flow into the SMA and celiac via arc of Riolan. Lateral (b) views demonstrate occluded SMA and celiac axis with diseased inferior mesenteric artery
Fig. 8.2
Lateral aortography in a patient with moderate to severe celiac and superior mesenteric artery stenosis
Fig. 8.3
Right anterior-oblique view and selective angiography of the inferior mesenteric artery demonstrate collateral networks to the superior mesenteric artery via arc of Riolan
Selective visceral artery angiography may be required to demonstrate anatomical detail and collateral patterns, to confirm severity of the disease, and to identify tandem lesions. Modest systemic anticoagulation (40 units/kg) is highly recommended prior to attempt selective catheterization. The choice of catheter shape is dependent upon access site, angle of origin, and individual preference (Table 8.1). For example, a multipurpose catheter (MPA, Fig. 8.4) is ideal for approaching the mesenteric arteries from brachial approach, whereas a secondary curve catheter (e.g., SOS or Simmons) is needed when these arteries are accessed via the femoral access. Other catheter shapes or guide catheters (Fig. 8.5) are useful for approaching the mesenteric arteries via either approach and may provide better support to assist with stent placement or other intervention.
Table 8.1
Catheters and injection rates used for selective mesenteric artery catheterizations
Artery | Catheter shape | Injection (mL/s) | Total volume | Filming (fr/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celiac | Femoral: SOS Omni, Simmons, Cobra-2 | 5–7 | 15–20 | 2–4 |
Brachial: MPA, MPB, Kumpe | ||||
Splenic | Femoral: Simmons, Cobra 2 | 5–7 | 15–20 | 2–4 |
Brachial: MPA, MPB, Kumpe | ||||
Hepatic | Femoral: Simmons, Cobra 2 | 4–5 | 10–15 | 2–4 |
Brachial: MPA, MPB, Kumpe | ||||
Left gastric | Femoral: Simmons, Cobra 2 | 3–4 | 10–15 | 2–4 |
Brachial: MPA, MPB, Kumpe | ||||
Gastroduodenal | Femoral: Simmons, Cobra 2
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