Which of the following criteria can be used to diagnose diabetes?

1. Hemoglobin (Hb) A1C >6.5%
   
2. Fasting glucose >126 mg/dL
   
3. 2 h glucose >200 mg/dL
   
4. All of the above
   
5. None of the above

Which of the following criteria can be used to identify patients at increased risk for diabetes?

1. Fasting glucose level of 100–125 mg/dL
   
2. 2 h glucose of 140–199 mg/dL
   
3. HbA1C of 5.7–6.4%
   
4. None of the above
   
5. All of the above

Studies have established a robust relationship between HbA1C and what conditions in initially nondiabetic patients?

1. Future risk of diabetes mellitus
   
2. Chronic kidney disease
   
3. Coronary artery disease
   
4. All-cause mortality
   
5. All of the above
   
6. None of the above

What type of exercise has been shown to be associated with lowering of HbA1C?

1. Aerobic training
   
2. Resistance training only
   
3. Combined aerobic and resistance training
   
4. None of the above

Which of the following is not a limitation to using HbA1C?

1. Conditions interfering with interpretation, including hemoglobin- opathies, alterations in red cell turnover, such as hemolytic anemia, transfusion, pregnancy, blood loss
   
2. Lack of standardization in many parts of the world
   
3. Cost of the assay
   
4. Less biological variability

Which of the following is false regarding hypertension control in diabetes mellitus?

1. For most individuals goal should be <130/80 mmHg; lower targets may be appropriate for younger patients
   
2. Therapy should include an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB); if intolerant to one class, the other should be substituted
   
3. For patients with CKD, treatment should include ACEI or ARB
   
4. Beta blockers are the first drug of choice

Which of the following statements is not true regarding cholesterol management in diabetes mellitus?

1. Moderate-intensity therapy is recommended when low-density lipoprotein is between 70 and 189 mg/dL in patients aged 40–75 years of age
   
2. High-intensity therapy is recommended in patients aged 40–75 years when estimated risk for cardiovascular disease is ≥7.5%
   
3. Treat patients with fasting triglycerides greater than 500 mg/dL
   
4. Individualized therapy is recommended in patients <40 or >75 years of age
   
5. All of the above
   
6. None of the above

Which of the following statements is true about when bariatric surgery should be considered?

1. Body mass index (BMI) >40 kg/m² or >35 kg/m² with an obesity related comorbidity
   
2. BMI >35–40 kg/m²
   
3. BMI >40 kg/m² with no comorbidities or BMI >35 kg/m² with an obesity-related comorbidity with no response to behavioral or pharmacological treatment
   
4. None of the above

Which of the following drugs produce weight gain?

1. Thiazolidinediones
   
2. Insulin
   
3. Glinides
   
4. Sulfonylureas
   
5. All of the above
   
6. None of the above

Which of the following does not produce weight loss?

1. Metformin
   
2. Pramlintide
   
3. Exenatide
   
4. Liraglutide
   
5. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors
   
6. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

Which of the following is not true in diabetes mellitus?

1. Overweight and obese patients should be counseled to lose weight through exercise
   
2. Lifestyle changes can produce a 3–5% weight loss that can be sustained over time
   
3. For patients with a BMI ≥40 kg/m² or a BMI >35 kg/m² with an obesity-mediated comorbidity bariatric surgery may improve health when other methods have failed
   
4. Exercise and lifestyle changes have no benefit in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus

Which of the following is true regarding aspirin therapy in diabetes mellitus?

1. Low-dose aspirin (75–162 mg/day) is reasonable for those with a 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk of 10% without an increased risk of bleeding
   
2. Low-dose aspirin is reasonable in adults with diabetes mellitus with an intermediate risk (10-year CVD risk of 5–10%)
   
3. In the primary prevention population, aspirin is effective in preventing nonfatal myocardial infarction in men
   
4. In women, use of aspirin for primary prevention lessens the risk of stroke
   
5. All of the above
   
6. None of the above

Which of the following is true regarding management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients?

1. In most patients, to reduce the incidence of microvascular disease, HbA1C should be lowered to <7.0%
   
2. Reducing HbA1C to <6.5% might be considered in some patients with short disease duration, long life expectancy, and no significant CVD, without causing significant hypoglycemia
   
3. HbA1c <8% is appropriate for patients with a history of hypoglycemia, limited life expectancy, advanced complications, and cognitive impairment
   
4. All of the above
   
5. None of the above